Drivers and Gaps of Digital Transformation: An Analysis of Technology Use and Adoption in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of Guayaquil – Ecuador

Abstract

This study analyzes the dynamics of digital transformation in 141 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Guayaquil, with the aim of identifying the drivers behind this process and the technological gaps that limit their competitiveness. The research employs a hybrid approach based on a synthetic measurement model that integrates international frameworks such as the Digital Maturity Model, Chequeo Digital, and DIGROW. The results show that the “Use and Adoption of Technologies” dimension is the fundamental driver of the ecosystem, with a score of 65.20% and a correlation of r=0.83 with overall strategic success. This momentum is underpinned by the consolidation of operational tools such as cloud storage and a commercial presence on digital platforms. However, there is a critical gap in analytical sophistication and security; the “Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Cybersecurity” dimension shows the weakest performance at 53.27%. This limitation is reflected in low adoption of artificial intelligence (36%) and minimal formal investment in cybersecurity (5%). It is concluded that the ecosystem must overcome structural bottlenecks related to the availability of financial resources and specialized technical training. The evidence suggests that, to move beyond operational optimization, it is imperative to direct public policies toward strengthening analytical capabilities and the protection of digital assets to ensure the sustainability of business growth in Ecuador’s urban environment.