Artículos
Impacto de la generación distribuida en la red de distribución en Sudamérica: Análisis tecno-operativo
Resumen
El incremento sustancial de la generación distribuida (GD) en las redes de distribución (RD) de Sudamérica, en la última década, marca un cambio paradigmático que la industria y la academia deben abordar. Diversos estudios se han centrado en evaluar su integración desde una perspectiva técnico-operativa. En este contexto, este artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre la integración de la GD y sus impactos en las RD, centrada en estudios que representan explícitamente la red de distribución a través de su modelado eléctrico dentro del análisis. Esta investigación se realiza en el contexto sudamericano mediante un análisis exhaustivo de artículos científicos publicados entre 2013-2024, con la metodología Prisma aplicada. La investigación demostró que la tecnología fotovoltaica constituye la principal fuente de generación analizada. Asimismo, se evidencia una marcada preferencia por el uso de OpenDSS como herramienta de análisis, y se destaca a Brasil como el país con el mayor volumen de investigación en este campo. Además de proporcionar un análisis detallado de estudios clave, parámetros relevantes, casos de RD destacados y herramientas computacionales habituales, este estudio también examina el impacto de la GD en los distintos niveles de las RD. En este sentido, se abordan áreas de investigación que han recibido poca atención hasta el momento, lo que subraya la necesidad de una mayor exploración en estos ámbitos para comprender plenamente los efectos de la GD.
Palabras clave
Cómo citar
Estadísticas
Referencias
Abud, T. P., Cataldo, E., Maciel, R. S., & Borba, B. S. M. C. (2022). A modified Bass model to calculate PVDG hosting capacity in LV networks. Electric Power Systems Research, 209, 107966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107966 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107966
Aucapiña, P., Torres, S., Vitorino, R., Vide, P., & Zambrano, S. (2017). Impact of distributed generation and energy storage systems on electrical power distribution systems. Maskana, 8, 273–280.
Azeredo, L. F. S., Yahyaoui, I., Fiorotti, R., Fardin, J. F., Garcia-Pereira, H., & Rocha, H. R. O. (2023). Study of reducing losses, short-circuit currents and harmonics by allocation of distributed generation, capacitor banks and fault current limiters in distribution grids. Applied Energy, 350, 121760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121760
Barreto-cuesta, A., Herrera-perez, V., & Djokic, S. Z. (2024). Transition to a 100 % renewable power supply in galapagos islands : Long-term and short-term analysis for optimal operation and sizing of grid upgrades. Renewable Energy, 234(March), 121207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121207
Buzo, R. F., Barradas, H. M., & Leão, F. B. (2021). Fault Current of PV Inverters Under Grid-Connected Operation: A Review. Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 32(4), 1053 – 1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-021-00729-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-021-00729-6
Caballero-Peña, J., Cadena-Zarate, C., Parrado-Duque, A., & Osma-Pinto, G. (2022). Distributed energy resources on distribution networks: A systematic review of modelling, simulation, metrics, and impacts. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 138, 107900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107900
Cáceres, M., Busso, A., Vera, L., & Firman, A. (2017). First grid--tied photovoltaic system in Northern Argentina: characterization and analysis. DYNA Energ{’i}a y Sostenibilidad, 6(1), 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6036/ES8151
Cebrian, J. C., Giacomini, J., Rossi, A. L. D., Trindade, F. C. L., & Paredes, H. K. M. (2024). Methodology to Estimate the Financial Impacts of the Integration of PV Generators in Distribution Systems on Voltage Sags and Energy Losses. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 39(2), 1233–1246. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3358999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3358999
Chabla-Auqui, L., Ochoa-Correa, D., Villa-Ávila, E., & Astudillo-Salinas, P. (2023). Distributed Generation Applied to Residential Self-Supply in South America in the Decade 2013–2023: A Literature Review. Energies, 16(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176207
Cunha Clark Leite, M., Alisson Martins Vieira, F., Bravo Silva, V., Zamboti Fortes, M., & Henrique Nogueira Dias, D. (2018). Harmonic Analysis of a Photovoltaic Systems Connected to Low Voltage Grid. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 16(1), 112 – 117. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2018.8291462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2018.8291462
da Cruz, M. S., Darui, C. B. F., Abaide, A. da R., Knak Neto, N., da Silva, L. N. F., & dos Santos, L. L. C. (2024). Planning and Analysis of Microgrids for Fast Charging Stations Considering Net Zero Energy Building Indexes. Energies, 17(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246488
de A. Olivieri, M. M., Rocha, M. S., de Castro, M. R. V, de Souza, S. M., Klaus, W., Medeiros, J. C., Visconti, I. F., Galdino, M. A. E., de P. Borges, E. L., da Silva, I. W. F., Lima, A. A. N., de Carvalho, C. M., Soares, Y. M. S., & Vieira, J. J. (2014). Distributed Generation in the Smart Grid – Case Study of Parintins. Energy Procedia, 57, 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.024
de Almeida, L. R., da Costa Lima, R. N., & Macedo Junior, J. R. (2024). Analysis of fault current contributions from small-scale single-phase photovoltaic inverters and their impacts on the protection of electric power distribution systems. IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 18(7), 1343 – 1359. https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13127
de Barros Iscuissati, R., Motter, D., & M. Vieira, J. C. (2024). Probabilistic method for risk analysis of unintentional islanding of distributed generators. Electric Power Systems Research, 234, 110594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110594 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110594
de Oliveira, T. E. C., Bollen, M., Ribeiro, P. F., de Carvalho, P. M. S., Zambroni, A. C., & Bonatto, B. D. (2019). The concept of dynamic hosting capacity for distributed energy resources: Analytics and practical considerations. Energies, 12(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132576
de Souza Almeida Neto, J. C., Torres, P. F., Manito, A. R. A., Pinho, J. T., & Zilles, R. (2023). A comparison study of grid impact of photovoltaic installations in Brazil according to Normative Resolution 482 and Federal law 14.300. Energy Policy, 181, 113699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113699 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113699
Filho, A. J. T. S., Camargo, A. O., & Domingues, E. G. (2018). Influence of fault impedance on voltage quality in radial distribution systems with distributed synchronous generator: A sensitivity analysis. Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal, 1(16), 152 – 157. https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj16.246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj16.246
Giacosa, D., Bentancur, D., Lussich, I., Abal, G., Valevici, L., & Pardo, A. (2016). Power quality analysis for a PV plant in Uruguay. Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal, 1(14), 708 – 713. https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj14.436
Guarda, F. G. K., Cardoso, G., Bezerra, U. H., & Vieira, J. P. A. (2019). Minimising direct-coupled distributed synchronous generators impact on electric power systems protection. IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 13(18), 4190 – 4196. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6757
Guardiola, J. M., Gómez-Luna, E., Marlés-Sáenz, E., & de la Cruz, J. (2019). The why of adaptive protections in modern electrical networks; [El porqué de las protecciones adaptativas en las redes eléctricas modernas]. Ingenieria e Investigacion, 39(2), 58 – 68. https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v39n2.74786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v39n2.74786
Guillén-López, D., Serrano-Guerrero, X., Barragán-Escandón, A., & Clairand, J.-M. (2024). Transient and Steady-State Evaluation of Distributed Generation in Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks. Energies, 17(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225783
Gurski, E., Moraes, F. A., Fritzen, P. C., & de Souza Benedito, R. A. (2019). A computational framework for daily power flow analysis considering photovoltaic distributed generation. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 62(specialissue). https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-SMART-2019190008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-smart-2019190008
Guzmán-Henao, J. A., Cortés-Caicedo, B., Restrepo-Cuestas, B. J., Bolaños, R. I., & Grisales-Noreña, L. F. (2024). Optimal integration of photovoltaic generators into urban and rural power distribution systems. Solar Energy, 270, 112400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112400
Henrique, L. F., Silva, W. N., Silva, C. C. A., Dias, B. H., Oliveira, L. W., & de Almeida, M. C. (2023). Optimal siting and sizing of distributed energy resources in a Smart Campus. Electric Power Systems Research, 217, 109095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.109095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.109095
Holguin, J. P., Rodriguez, D. C., & Ramos, G. (2020). Reverse Power Flow (RPF) Detection and Impact on Protection Coordination of Distribution Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 56(3), 2393–2401. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2020.2969640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2020.2969640
Knak Neto, N., Abaide, A., Miranda, V., Vilaça, P., Carvalho, L., Sumaili, J., & Bernardon, D. (2019). Load modeling of active low voltage consumers and comparative analysis of their impact on distribution system expansion planning. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12038
la Cruz, R. D., Tipán, L. F., & Cuji, C. C. (2024). Brief Analysis of the Location and Determination of Maximum Capacity of Distributed Generation in Electrical Systems Considering Demand Scenarios in Ecuador. Energies, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102308
Leite, R., Souza, J., Asada, E., & Oleskovicz, M. (2021). The behaviour of a low voltage distribution network with crescent presence of photovoltaic generation and energy storage elements. Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal, 19, 423–428. https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.309
López, L., López, I., Gomez-Cornejo, J., Aranzabal, I., & Eguia, P. (2025). Analysis of impact for PV-BES strategies in low-voltage distribution system. Electrical Engineering, 107(2), 2147 – 2162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-024-02620-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-024-02620-4
Madruga, E. P., Bernardon, D. P., Vieira, R. P., & Pfitscher, L. L. (2018). Analysis of transient stability in distribution systems with distributed generation. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 99, 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.01.039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.01.039
Maia, G. L., Santos, C. C. L., Nunes, P. R. M., Castro, J. F. C., Marques, D. C., Medeiros, L. H. A. De, Limongi, L. R., Brito, M. E. C., Dantas, N. K. L., Filho, A. V. M. L., Fernandes, A. L., Chai, J., & Zhang, C. (2024). EV Smart-Charging Strategy for Power Management in Distribution Grid with High Penetration of Distributed Generation. Energies, 17(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215394 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202410.1124.v1
Mateo, C., Postigo, F., de Cuadra, F., Roman, T. G. S., Elgindy, T., Dueñas, P., Hodge, B.-M., Krishnan, V., & Palmintier, B. (2020). Building Large-Scale U.S. Synthetic Electric Distribution System Models. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 11(6), 5301–5313. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3001495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3001495
Mattos, M. M., Archetti, J. A. G., Bitencourt, L. de A., Wallberg, A., Castellucci, V., Dias, B. H., & de Oliveira, J. G. (2024). Analysis of voltage control using V2G technology to support low voltage distribution networks. IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 18(6), 1133 – 1157. https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.13066
Mendes, M. A., Paiva, M. H. M., & Batista, O. E. (2023). Signal processing on graphs for estimating load current variability in feeders with high integration of distributed generation. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 34, 101032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2023.101032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2023.101032
Meneses, C. A. P., & Mantovani, J. R. S. (2013). Improving the grid operation and reliability cost of distribution systems with dispersed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 28(3), 2485 – 2496. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2235863 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2235863
Montoya, C. A. G., López-Lezama, J. M., & Román, T. G. S. (2021). Estimación del costo de distribución de la energ{’i}a eléctrica en Colombia considerando generación distribuida fotovoltaica. Información Tecnológica, 32(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642021000100079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642021000100079
Mota Martins, R., Machado Alves, Z., Marchesan, G., & Cardoso Junior, G. (2024). Reactive compensation in distribution systems and volt/var control analysis: Mutual performance of inverters and curve slope effects. Electric Power Systems Research, 236, 110848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110848 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110848
Mourinho, F. A., & Assis, T. M. L. (2023). Impact of Cascade Disconnection of Distributed Energy Resources on Bulk Power System Stability: Modeling and Mitigation Requirements. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 11(2), 412 – 420. https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2022.000365 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2022.000365
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Alonso-Fernández, S. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Revista Española de Cardiología, 74(9), 790–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2021.07.010
Palmintier, B., Elgindy, T., Mateo, C., Postigo, F., Gómez, T., de Cuadra, F., & Martinez, P. D. (2021). Experiences developing large-scale synthetic U.S.-style distribution test systems. Electric Power Systems Research, 190, 106665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106665
Parada Contzen, M. (2024). Medium voltage level power control using distributed photo-voltaic generation and hydrogen storage. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.109858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.109858
Pinto, G. X. A., Naspolini, H. F., & Rüther, R. (2024). The role and benefits of storage systems in distributed solar PV generation on public buildings in Brazil. Energy for Sustainable Development, 81, 101495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2024.101495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2024.101495
Pinto, R. S., Unsihuay-Vila, C., & Fernandes, T. S. P. (2019). Multi-objective and multi-period distribution expansion planning considering reliability, distributed generation and self-healing. IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 13(2), 219 – 228. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5037
Ramos, C. R., Zorzela, G. C., Marchesan, G., Freitas-Gutierres, L. F., & Cardoso, G. (2024). Impacts of output voltage control on PV generation islanding detection function. Electric Power Systems Research, 235, 110897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110897
Reiz, C., & Leite, J. B. (2022). Optimal Coordination of Protection Devices in Distribution Networks With Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids. IEEE Access, 10, 99584 – 99594. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3203713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3203713
Remon, D., Cañizares, C. A., & Rodriguez, P. (2017). Impact of 100-MW-scale PV plants with synchronous power controllers on power system stability in northern Chile. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 11(11), 2958–2964. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0203
Saldanha, J. J. A., Nied, A., Trentini, R., & Kutzner, R. (2024). AI-based optimal allocation of BESS, EV charging station and DG in distribution network for losses reduction and peak load shaving. Electric Power Systems Research, 234, 110554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110554
Sampaio, F. C., Leão, R. P. S., Sampaio, R. F., Melo, L. S., & Barroso, G. C. (2020). A multi-agent-based integrated self-healing and adaptive protection system for power distribution systems with distributed generation. Electric Power Systems Research, 188, 106525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106525
Santos, L. H. S., Silva, J. A. A., López, J. C., Rider, M. J., & da Silva, L. C. P. (2024). Joint Optimal Sizing and Operation of Unbalanced Three-Phase AC Microgrids Using HOMER Pro and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming. Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 35(2), 346 – 360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-023-01059-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-023-01059-5
Serrano Guerrero, X., Marín-Toro, B., Ochoa, C., & Barragán-Escandón, A. (2022). Impact of the incorporation of photovoltaics distributed generation in electric distribution grids in Ecuador. Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal, 20, 387–392. https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.319 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.319
Silva, J. A. A., Camilo López, J., Bañol Arias, N., Zenichi Terada, L., & Rider, M. J. (2024). Tri-Level Adaptive Robust Optimization for the Optimal Charging Coordination of EVs Considering Grid Impact. IEEE Access, 12, 169755–169767. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3498600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3498600
Souza Machado, I., Soares Moreira Cesar Borba, B., & Silva Maciel, R. (2016). Modeling Distributed PV Market and its Impacts on Distribution System: A Brazilian Case Study. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 14(11), 4520 – 4526. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2016.7795823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2016.7795823
Stecanella, P. A. J., Camargos, R. S. C., Vieira, D., Domingues, E. G., & de L. Ferreira Filho, A. (2022). A methodology for determining the incentive policy for photovoltaic distributed generation that leverages its technical benefits in the distribution system. Renewable Energy, 199, 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.002
Stecanella, P. A. J., Vieira, D., Vasconcelos, M. V. L., & Ferreira Filho, A. D. L. (2020). Statistical Analysis of Photovoltaic Distributed Generation Penetration Impacts on a Utility Containing Hundreds of Feeders. IEEE Access, 8, 175009–175019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3024115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3024115
Torres, I. C., Negreiros, G. F., & Tiba, C. (2019). Theoretical and experimental study to determine voltage violation, reverse electric current and losses in prosumers connected to low-voltage power grid. Energies, 12(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234568
Trageser, M., Pape, M., Frings, K., Erlinghagen, P., Kurth, M., Vertgewall, C. M., Monti, A., & Busse, T. (2022). Automated routing of feeders in electrical distribution grids. Electric Power Systems Research, 211, 108217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108217
Vera, L. H., Cáceres, M., & Busso, A. (2014). Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems to the Urban Environment of Argentinian Northeast. Energy Procedia, 57, 3171–3180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.066
Vieira, R., Guerra, M. I., & Bandeira, S. (2020). Analysis of the Power Quality of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 18(4), 714 – 721. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2020.9082214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TLA.2020.9082214
Villa-Ávila, E., Arévalo, P., Aguado, R., Ochoa-Correa, D., Iñiguez-Morán, V., Jurado, F., & Tostado-Véliz, M. (2023). Enhancing Energy Power Quality in Low-Voltage Networks Integrating Renewable Energy Generation: A Case Study in a Microgrid Laboratory. Energies, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145386 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1774.v1
Zambrano-Asanza, S., Zalamea-León, E. F., Barragán-Escandón, E. A., & Parra-González, A. (2019). Urban photovoltaic potential estimation based on architectural conditions, production-demand matching, storage and the incorporation of new eco-efficient loads. Renewable Energy, 142, 224–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.105
