Revista Tecnológica - ESPOL
type: channel
description: Revista Tecnológica ESPOL - Scientific Publications
publisher: Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
language: en
publication name: Revista Tecnológica - ESPOL
issn: 0257-1749
items: Forest Fire Detection and Alert System Based on Image Processing and AI
items: Development of a Protocol Converter from SMA Data to Modbus TCP for SCADA Integration
items: Methodology for Identifying Good Teaching Practices Through Student Comments Using Sentiment Analysis and Structural Topic Modeling
items: Enhancing SCADA System Availability: A Case Study of Microgrid Universidad de Cuenca
items: Rock Fragmentation by Blasting in Open-Pit Mining: an AI Predictive Model
items: Immersive digitization of the Murocomba Forest using image processing techniques
items: Recommender System for the Assignment of Professors at the University of Cuenca
items: Semantic Modeling of ECU911 Emergencies Using NLP and Ontologies
items: Blockchain-based Application for a Sustainable University: Systematic Review and UCE-Camp Proposal for the Academic Processes of Higher Education Institutions
items: Production of Morete (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) ice cream with whey addition
items: Evaluation of the incidence of insect pests in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in Nobol canton, Guayas Province, Ecuador
items: Effective Practices in the Teaching of Language and Literature for Students Aged 9 to 12
items: Spatial Variation of Fecal Coliform Contamination in the Portoviejo River, Manabí Province
items: Social Justice, Human Rights, Deliberate Action: An Analytical Review of the Literature in Seven Social Justice Thematic Areas
items: Evaluation and Comparison of Objective Metrics PSNR, SSIM, and LPIPS for Video Quality Analysis
items: Predictive Analysis and Optimized Management of the Delinquent Customer Portfolio at CNEL EP Bolívar Business Unit
items: Evaluation of an Adaptive Video Control Algorithm using Traditional Routing and SDN
items: Migrant Associations: Enhancing Migrant Agency and Advancing Social Justice
items: Is the State of Morocco a Social State?
items: Social Justice and Sustainability of Peasant Family Farming
items: Treating rare diseases with justice: Implications of a human rights-based approach
items: Systematic Literature Review on Energy Harvesting Mechanisms Used in Vital Signs Monitoring
items: Addressing the Challenges of Female Migrant Workers Through the Concept of Social Justice
items: Project-Based Learning, an innovative educational practice in the Technical Baccalaureate
items: Gender Equality as Integral to Social Justice – and vice versa
items: How WASH Supports Social Justice in a Changing Climate:The Importance of Water
items: Social Justice for a democratic and equitable international order
items: Technological Evolution of Photovoltaic Solar Generation: A Literature Review in the Last Decade
items: Relationship between emotional intelligence and quality of working life in a productive company in Pelileo
items: Application of Quantum Cybersecurity in the security of IoT communication ports

Forest Fire Detection and Alert System Based on Image Processing and AI
type: item
description: The objective of this work focuses on the design and implementation of a low-cost intelligent system for the early detection of forest fires, using IoT (Internet of Things) and AI (Artificial Intelligence) technologies. The designed methodology involved the development and comparative evaluation of multiple algorithms, divided into two approaches: techniques based on the analysis of color spaces (RGB, YCbCr, HSI, HSV, and PJF) and AI models (CNN, YOLOv8, and Haar Cascade). From this analysis, a hybrid architecture was selected that integrates the two highest-performing methods: an object detector based on YOLOv8 (Method 9) and a chromatic algorithm that fuses the PJF, RGB, and YCbCr spaces (Method 12). This visual system is complemented by a PM2.5 particle sensor to validate the presence of smoke and GPS/4G modules to issue georeferenced alerts. As a key result, the final prototype validated under controlled conditions achieved outstanding metrics such as 99.82% accuracy, 99.64% sensitivity, and 100.00% specificity under high illumination conditions. It also demonstrated energy efficiency and thermal stability through continuous monitoring of CPU, RAM, and current consumption. The main contribution of this work consists of a validated field solution, whose hybrid architecture proves to be accurate, efficient, and adaptable, confirming its feasibility for implementation in emergency contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: embedded systems
  topic: keywords
subject: fire detection
  topic: keywords
subject: automated monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: pattern recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: computer vision
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Erick Alexander Castillo Matamoros
creator: Robert Sebastián Chalco Montalván
creator: Santiago Renán González Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Erick Alexander Castillo Matamoros, Robert Sebastián Chalco Montalván, Santiago Renán González Martínez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 88
ending page: 111
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1352

Development of a Protocol Converter from SMA Data to Modbus TCP for SCADA Integration
type: item
description: The integration of distributed energy resources into smart microgrids frequently necessitates seamless communication between heterogeneous devices and centralized supervisory systems. However, specific power electronics equipment, such as the SMA Sunny Island inverter, relies on proprietary communication protocols that are incompatible with standard SCADA interfaces. The present work delineates the design and implementation of a protocol converter that facilitates transparent translation between SMA Data and Modbus TCP, thereby enabling native integration of the Sunny Island inverter into Modbus-based SCADA environments. The proposed converter was developed using a Raspberry Pi platform and employs a modular architecture that combines the YASDI communication library with a custom Python-based Modbus TCP server. The system retrieves operational data from the inverter, maps it to Modbus input registers, and allows configuration commands to be issued from the SCADA system and applied to the inverter in a controlled manner. The experimental validation was carried out in the Microgrid Laboratory at the University of Cuenca. In this setting, the converter demonstrated reliable performance in two specific tasks: data acquisition and parameter configuration. The response times exhibited a range of 10 to 30 seconds, contingent upon the system's state. Following power cycles and communication interruptions, the converter demonstrated complete recovery capability. The findings substantiate the viability of the proposed method as a cost-effective and resilient solution for integrating proprietary energy devices with industrial monitoring platforms. Its flexibility and resilience render it suitable for broader deployment in smart grid infrastructures and distributed energy management systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: microgrid
  topic: keywords
subject: inverter
  topic: keywords
subject: Modbus
  topic: keywords
subject: SMA data
  topic: keywords
subject: gateway
  topic: keywords
subject: converter
  topic: keywords
creator: Santiago Ismael Araujo Ochoa
creator: Joe Fernando Tigre Quituizaca
creator: Juan Diego Belesaca
creator: Fabian Astudillo-Salinas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Santiago Ismael Araujo Ochoa, Joe Fernando Tigre Quituizaca, Juan Diego Belesaca, Fabian Astudillo-Salinas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 12
ending page: 24
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1360

Methodology for Identifying Good Teaching Practices Through Student Comments Using Sentiment Analysis and Structural Topic Modeling
type: item
description: This study proposes an empirical methodology to identify the most valued dimensions of teaching practices in higher education through a mixed-method approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative analyses. Over 89,000 student comments collected during teacher evaluations at the University of Cuenca (2024–2025) were analyzed. Advanced natural language processing techniques, specifically sentiment analysis and Structural Topic Modeling (STM), were used to process an extensive textual corpus. The analysis focused on positive comments aimed at teachers recognized through a prior comprehensive evaluation, aiming to uncover recurring patterns in student perceptions. Four key dimensions of student evaluation emerged from the analysis: disciplinary knowledge, communication management, socio-emotional skills, and teaching methodology. These dimensions reflect perceived teaching strengths and exhibit significant variability across disciplinary contexts and academic levels. For example, disciplinary knowledge is prioritized in technical areas, while socio-emotional skills are more valued in social sciences and health disciplines. These findings underscore that student evaluations are an essential source of qualitative information, overcoming limitations of traditional numeric metrics by offering deeper, contextual insights. Ultimately, the proposed methodology provides higher education institutions with a practical tool to identify specific faculty strengths and design evidence-based, personalized professional development programs, thus fostering continuous and contextualized improvements in educational quality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: teaching evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: comment analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: structural topic modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: Diego Moscoso Lozano
creator: Jorge Maldonado-Mahauad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Moscoso Lozano, Jorge Maldonado-Mahauad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 146
ending page: 161
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1353

Enhancing SCADA System Availability: A Case Study of Microgrid Universidad de Cuenca
type: item
description: Ensuring the uninterrupted operation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems is critical for industrial environments that rely on continuous monitoring and control of equipment. However, in the Microgrid Laboratory at the University of Cuenca, routine maintenance procedures have revealed a significant vulnerability: the SCADA system temporarily loses communication and control capabilities when some of the devices are powered down, resulting in forced system downtime. This paper investigates practical strategies to enhance SCADA system availability by addressing this critical limitation. Three hypotheses were explored: first, an issue in network redundancy management; second, with disconnecting of a device from the fiber-optic ring network; and third, programming errors within the LabVIEW-developed SCADA application. Experimental results demonstrated that these approaches, particularly the software-level improvements in LabVIEW, successfully maintained system control and communication during maintenance. The proposed solutions offer a scalable and cost-effective pathway to increase the resilience of SCADA systems in microgrid environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: microgrid
  topic: keywords
subject: SCADA
  topic: keywords
subject: resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: maintenance
  topic: keywords
subject: OT network
  topic: keywords
creator: Lourdes Gutierrez-Otavalo
creator: Claudia Padilla-Guaman
creator: Juan Diego Belesaca
creator: Fabián Astudillo-Salinas
creator: Edisson Villa-Ávila
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lourdes Gutierrez-Otavalo, Claudia Padilla-Guaman, Juan Diego Belesaca, Fabian Astudillo-Salinas, Edisson Villa-Ávila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 25
ending page: 37
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1357

Rock Fragmentation by Blasting in Open-Pit Mining: an AI Predictive Model
type: item
description: Rock fragmentation by blasting is fundamental in the mining sector. This process seeks to optimize rock size for subsequent extraction, transport, and processing. Predicting this fragmentation becomes a crucial task for improving operational efficiency; however, the application of simplified formulas lacks precision and adaptability to lithological variations. This study proposes the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for the accurate estimation of the average diameter of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Based on a set of 97 real fragmentation and blasting data from around the world, the Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regressor (SVR), and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) algorithms were evaluated, along with the Kuz-Ram equation, widely used in the industry. The results indicate that AI models significantly outperform the conventional equation. RF offers the highest accuracy with MSE of 0.0017 and R2 of 95.38%. In contrast, SVR achieves values of 0.0064 and 83.13%, while KRR achieves 0.016 and 69.60%. The adequate performance of these algorithms has led to the development of an application that allows users to view drilling grids, set specific dimensions, and compare projections of average rock size. This tool facilitates informed decision-making, improving mining processes and promoting more reliable and sustainable results in different operational contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fragmentation
  topic: keywords
subject: mining
  topic: keywords
subject: drilling
  topic: keywords
subject: blasting
  topic: keywords
subject: estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Steven Toapanta-Delgado
creator: Byron Guerrero-Rodriguez
creator: Christian Mejia-Escobar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Steven Toapanta-Delgado, Byron Guerrero-Rodriguez, Christian Mejia-Escobar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 38
ending page: 54
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1356

Immersive digitization of the Murocomba Forest using image processing techniques
type: item
description: This paper presents the development of a technological solution based on image processing for the immersive digitization of the Murocomba Protected Forest, located in the province of Los Ríos, Ecuador. The proposal integrates the use of a 360° camera to capture high-quality spherical images, which were digitally processed to optimize their sharpness, correct imperfections, and facilitate their integration into an interactive virtual environment. As part of the system, an artificial intelligence model with YOLOv8 architecture was implemented, trained to detect plant species present in the forest trails. These detections were incorporated into a web application that allows users to explore the trail remotely, interact with the content, and identify the flora of the site without the need for physical presence. The project seeks to offer an alternative for the conservation of the ecosystem through digital access to its biodiversity, reducing direct human impact and promoting environmental education. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining immersive technologies and sensing models to represent natural environments with high ecological value in an accessible and sustainable way.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Interactive technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: applied artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: tropical ecosystems
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental education
  topic: keywords
subject: remote visualization systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Diego Intriago-Rodríguez
creator: Mathías Ortega Rizzo
creator: Carlos Belezaca Pinargote
creator: Edison Solano Apuntes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Intriago-Rodríguez, Mathías Ortega-Rizzo, Carlos Belezaca-Pinargote, Edison Solano-Apuntes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 77
ending page: 87
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1355

Recommender System for the Assignment of Professors at the University of Cuenca
type: item
description: The assignment of teachers to courses in higher education represents a critical challenge for academic management, as it directly impacts the quality of the teaching-learning process. Despite their continued use, manual assignment processes face evident challenges, such as subjectivity, lack of standardization, and a high administrative workload. In response to this scenario, this study proposes a recommender system that combines sentiment analysis, using locally adapted transformer-based language models (RoBERTuito), with mathematical optimization techniques, aiming to align teachers' competencies with specific academic requirements. To achieve this, enriched teacher profiles were developed based on historical evaluations, automatically classified student comments, and institutionally defined competencies within the framework of the Competency Pentagon. Additionally, dynamic weights were incorporated to adjust the relevance of pedagogical and technical factors according to the particularities of each academic cycle. The results obtained from the recommender system demonstrate a high correlation between generated recommendations and manual assignments, particularly in technically oriented degree programs. Moreover, program directors who participated in a pilot test positively evaluated the system, noting that it not only significantly reduces the operational workload but also establishes itself as a strategic tool with high potential for scalability and replicability across diverse educational contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Academic teaching personnel
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: automatic text analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: decision support systems
  topic: keywords
subject: educational information systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Pablo Esteban Quito Urgilés
creator: Juan Javier Valdiviezo Armijos
creator: Jorge Maldonado-Mahauad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pablo Esteban Quito Urgilés, Juan Javier Valdiviezo Armijos, Jorge Maldonado-Mahauad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 127
ending page: 145
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1354

Semantic Modeling of ECU911 Emergencies Using NLP and Ontologies
type: item
description: This study proposes a novel hybrid framework for knowledge representation in emergencies, integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP), OWL ontologies, and SWRL rules to process unstructured data from Ecuador's Integrated Security Service (ECU 911). The key contribution lies in the unique combination of advanced NLP models such as BERT for Named Entity Recognition and XLM-RoBERTa for zero-shot semantic classification, with a formally validated ontological model developed in Protégé and a parallel logical implementation in Prolog using the Object-Attribute-Value paradigm. Unlike prior works, this approach specifically addresses the challenge of transforming raw emergency call transcripts into actionable knowledge by (1) automating entity extraction (locations, persons) and semantic categorization of incidents, (2) generating interpretable decision rules via decision trees, and (3) enabling cross-paradigm interoperability through synchronized OWL/SWRL and Prolog inference engines. Experimental validation with SPARQL/SQWRL queries and the Pellet reasoner demonstrated 96.7% accuracy in inferring emergency priorities such as medical emergencies, outperforming standalone NLP or ontology-based methods. This work advances semantic AI for emergency response by bridging unstructured text analysis with formal reasoning, offering a scalable solution for real-time decision support in critical scenarios.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Natural Language Processing
  topic: keywords
subject: OWL Ontologies
  topic: keywords
subject: emergency management
  topic: keywords
subject: SWRL rules
  topic: keywords
subject: semantic reasoning
  topic: keywords
creator: Danny Leonardo Paltin Chica
creator: Juan Diego Mejía Mendieta
creator: Marcos Orellana
creator: Jorge Luis Zambrano-Martinez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Danny Leonardo Paltin Chica, Juan Diego Mejía Mendieta, Marcos Orellana, Jorge Luis Zambrano-Martinez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 112
ending page: 125
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1351

Blockchain-based Application for a Sustainable University: Systematic Review and UCE-Camp Proposal for the Academic Processes of Higher Education Institutions
type: item
description: This study aims to evaluate the potential of blockchain technology in higher education, with a particular focus on its benefits and challenges in academic processes. A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing 42 key studies selected from a total of 533 academic publications over the past six years. The results indicate that blockchain applications are primarily concentrated in secure certificate issuance, the enhancement of teaching and learning environments, and the transparent management of academic credits and scholarships. The main contribution of this research is the presentation of a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of blockchain integration in the educational domain. Furthermore, it introduces the UCE-Camp model as a sustainable framework designed to improve the efficiency, transparency, and quality of academic operations. The study also identifies existing gaps and challenges, outlining future research directions for the broader adoption of blockchain in higher education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: blockchain
  topic: keywords
subject: academic process
  topic: keywords
subject: e-government
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
subject: issuance of academic certificates
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Patricia Jimbo Santana
creator: Mario Morales Morales
creator: Mónica Jimbo Santana
creator: Santiago Morales Cardoso
creator: Silvio Alejandro Toscano Vizcaíno
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Patricia Jimbo Santana, Mario Morales Morales, Mónica Jimbo Santana, Santiago Morales Cardoso, Silvio Alejandro Toscano Vizcaíno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 162
ending page: 183
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1339

Production of Morete (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) ice cream with whey addition
type: item
description: In the dairy industry, large quantities of whey are discarded and usually treated as waste. However, due to its nutritional content, whey is of interest as a substitute ingredient in food production. This study aims to develop an ice cream made from Morete pulp (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) by partially replacing whole milk with whey. During the experimental phase, five formulations were prepared with different concentrations of whey (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Sensory analysis was carried out with 50 panelists using a five-point hedonic scale to evaluate the color, flavor, texture, and aroma of the ice cream. The formulation with the highest sensory acceptance was the one with 75% whey, in which flavor received a score of 2, texture 4, and both color and aroma 3. Physicochemical and microbiological characterization was conducted on the formulations with the highest scores in the sensory analysis. The study supports the feasibility of using whey despite a decrease in the nutritional quality of the ice cream due to this addition. However, the inclusion of Morete pulp partially compensated for the loss of certain nutrients. Microbiological analyses showed that the ice cream met the NTE INEN 0706 2013 food safety standards, regardless of the percentage of whey used. This proposal presents a beneficial and promising alternative to reduce the environmental impact of the dairy industry by improving production efficiency through the use of a dairy by-product.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: acceptance analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: ice cream
  topic: keywords
subject: Morete (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.)
  topic: keywords
subject: whey
  topic: keywords
creator: Mónica Paulina Echeverría Guevara
creator: Cristian Andres Cajahuishca Sailema
creator: Betty Anabel Chavez Viteri
creator: Ángel Fernando Ortega Ocaña
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mónica Paulina Echeverría Guevara, Cristian Andres Cajahuishca Sailema, Betty Anabel Chavez Viteri, Ángel Fernando Ortega Ocaña https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 332
ending page: 347
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1301

Evaluation of the incidence of insect pests in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in Nobol canton, Guayas Province, Ecuador
type: item
description: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most widely consumed cereals worldwide and holds high socioeconomic importance in Ecuador, making it a key crop. Insect pests represent a significant threat to rice cultivation, and their identification is essential for developing more effective management strategies. The objective of this research was to identify insect pest species and evaluate their incidence, richness and abundance in rice crop in Nobol canton, Guayas province. Seven pest species were identified: Hydrellia sp., Tagosodes orizicolus, Spodoptera frugiperda, Rupella albinella and Diatraea saccharalis, Tibraca limbativentris and Oebalus sp. The highest incidence was recorded during the vegetative stage of the crop (40 to 70 days after transplanting). The Menhinick diversity index (0.40) showed low specific richness, while the Simpson dominance index (0.23) indicated an even distribution among species, with no dominant pest present. These findings provide a basis for implementing phytosanitary monitoring and control programs tailored to the phenological dynamics of the crop.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: rice agroecosystem
  topic: keywords
subject: entomofauna
  topic: keywords
subject: crop phenology
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated pest management
  topic: keywords
creator: Simón Ezequiel Farah Asang
creator: Mirlen Selena Bajaña Carpio
creator: Pedro José Andrade Alvarado
creator: Oscar Abel Macias Fernández
creator: Kevin Joel Calle Rodriguez
creator: Luís Enrique Sanchez Jaime
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Simón Ezequiel Farah Asang, Mirlen Selena Bajaña Carpio, Pedro José Andrade Alvarado, Oscar Abel Macias Fernández, Kevin Joel Calle Rodriguez, Luís Enrique Sanchez Jaime https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 321
ending page: 331
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1305

Effective Practices in the Teaching of Language and Literature for Students Aged 9 to 12
type: item
description: The teaching of Language and Literature is essential in the education of upper elementary students, particularly during early adolescence (ages 9 to 12), a key stage for the development of communication and literary skills. However, the diversity in students’ performance levels requires the identification of pedagogical practices that effectively address learning needs. The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of different teaching strategies used by Language and Literature teachers on students’ reading comprehension and written expression. A quantitative methodology with a descriptive design was employed through a structured survey applied to thirty teachers at a public educational institution. The results showed that the use of read-alouds, creative writing, digital tools, and intercultural activities significantly enhanced students’ motivation and critical thinking. Additionally, differences in skill development were identified among students from various socioeconomic backgrounds, highlighting the importance of inclusive pedagogical approaches. This study concludes that a combination of participatory strategies, the appropriate use of technology, and the encouragement of critical reflection through literature can significantly improve learning in this area. The research offers practical recommendations that can help strengthen the teaching of Language and Literature, promoting more equitable, meaningful, and contextualized education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Language
  topic: keywords
subject: Literature
  topic: keywords
subject: Adolescence
  topic: keywords
subject: Communication skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Bernardo Josue Encalada Escobar
creator: Ernesto Isaac Encalada Escobar
creator: Sarai Daiana Gonzaga Franco
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bernardo Josue Encalada Escobar, Ernesto Isaac Encalada Escobar, Sarai Daiana Gonzaga Franco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 227
ending page: 245
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1304

Spatial Variation of Fecal Coliform Contamination in the Portoviejo River, Manabí Province
type: item
description: This study evaluates the microbiological and physicochemical quality of the Portoviejo River, located in the Manabí province (Ecuador), through the analysis of fecal coliforms and parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and salinity. For this purpose, eight sampling stations were established along the main river course, from its source to its mouth, covering the cantons of Santa Ana, Portoviejo, Rocafuerte, and Sucre. A total of 48 water samples were collected in June 2023, and analyses were conducted both in situ and in the laboratory, following the Ecuadorian Technical Standard INEN 2176:2013 and Method 1060 of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results showed fecal coliform concentrations ranging from 1,600 to 160,000 MPN/100 mL, with station averages exceeding the maximum permissible limits established by Ecuadorian regulations for recreational and agricultural uses. The most contaminated station was located in the El Comercio neighborhood (Portoviejo), with 137,333.33 ± 39,259.82 MPN/100 mL. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between stations (ANOVA, p < 0.05), and Spearman’s correlation showed a positive relationship between fecal coliform concentration and population size. Conductivity, salinity, and TDS values also reached levels that indicate restrictions for agricultural use in some sections. Higher contamination was identified in densely populated urban areas, and an action plan was proposed with strategies by canton to mitigate the observed impacts. Finally, a proposal was presented to reduce microbiological pollution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: fecal coliforms
  topic: keywords
subject: river contamination
  topic: keywords
subject: microbiological
  topic: keywords
subject: spatial variation
  topic: keywords
creator: Vicente Cedeño Álava
creator: Olga Arévalo Castro
creator: Katthy López Escobar
creator: Ida Álava Mieles
creator: Vinicio Macas Espinosa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vicente Cedeño Álava, Olga Arévalo Castro, Katthy López Escobar, Ida Álava Mieles, Vinicio Macas Espinosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 348
ending page: 364
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1271

Social Justice, Human Rights, Deliberate Action: An Analytical Review of the Literature in Seven Social Justice Thematic Areas
type: item
description: This article presents an analytical review of contemporary social justice themes, drawing on an extensive literature survey. The review demonstrates that social justice is a central theme in many contemporary social struggles and demands for rights and justice. It further identifies key thematic issues, their normative foundations, and the principles of social justice, exploring how these are elaborated across different issue areas where social justice is a core concern. In several cases, social justice is also presented as a cross-cutting concern and conceptual approach. An overall literature survey identified 40 topical-thematic issue areas in which social justice is evoked and often thoroughly discussed. This article provides an overview of how social justice is addressed in seven of those 40 thematic topics. It presents summary analytical reviews of the literature on social justice considerations and dimensions in various arenas, including Human Rights, Decent Work, Health, Housing, the Digital Divide, Peacemaking/Small Arms Limitations, and Sustainable Development. These summaries review the connection between each topic and social justice and conclude with recommendations for how the social justice dimensions of each topic could be integrated into ongoing international policy processes, including the Global Coalition for Social Justice and the Second World Summit for Social Development, to be held in November 2025, and the implementation of their outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Decent Work
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Divide
  topic: keywords
subject: Disparities in Access to Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Peacebuilding
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Gül Eda Düzgün
creator: Hiya Parul Sharma
creator: Patrick A. Taran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Eda Düzgün, Hiya Parul Sharma, Patrick A. Taran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 17
ending page: 43
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1302

Evaluation and Comparison of Objective Metrics PSNR, SSIM, and LPIPS for Video Quality Analysis
type: item
description: This paper presents a tool for video quality assessment that allows the selection of quality (QP), temporal (FPS), and spatial (bitrate) scalability parameters. The proposal integrates traditional metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), together with the perceptual metric Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS), which is based on deep neural networks. To validate its effectiveness, a two-phase subjective evaluation methodology was applied. In the first phase, participants assessed videos encoded with the same scalability parameter, showing a strong correspondence between visual perception and objective metrics. In the second phase, different configurations were compared, revealing a preference for high quality and intermediate spatial scalability. Additionally, in experiments with common distortions such as blurring and noise, LPIPS achieved a sensitivity of 73.64%, outperforming PSNR and SSIM in its alignment with human perception. The main contribution of this work is a tool that combines objective and subjective evaluations, enabling a more comprehensive analysis that closely reflects human visual perception.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: scalability
  topic: keywords
subject: PSNR
  topic: keywords
subject: SSIM
  topic: keywords
subject: LPIPS
  topic: keywords
subject: video quality
  topic: keywords
subject: objetive
  topic: keywords
subject: subjetive
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Flores Maza
creator: Santiago González Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Carlos Flores Maza, Santiago González Martínez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 56
ending page: 76
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37nE1.1317

Predictive Analysis and Optimized Management of the Delinquent Customer Portfolio at CNEL EP Bolívar Business Unit
type: item
description: Payment delinquency represents a structural barrier to the financial sustainability of public electricity distribution companies; however, unlike the financial sector, predictive models based on machine learning have not yet been adapted to this context. In particular, CNEL EP faces challenges in anticipating customer defaults, which limits the effectiveness of its commercial management. This study aims to identify the most accurate machine learning model to predict delinquency risk in the Bolívar Business Unit. A methodological approach based on Design Science Research and CRISP-DM was adopted, incorporating a systematic literature review (PRISMA), the analysis of 72,483 historical records, and the application of techniques such as PCA, SMOTE, and ensemble models (RandomForest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, and VotingClassifier). Gradient Boosting and VotingClassifier achieved near-perfect performance metrics (Accuracy: 0.9982; F1 Macro: 0.9957; AUC ROC: 1.000) and (Accuracy: 0.9983; F1 Macro: 0.9959; AUC ROC: 1.000), even under stress scenarios involving noise, imbalance, and data loss. Furthermore, the integration of SHAP and LIME enabled transparent interpretation of predictions for non-technical users. The findings show that the proposed solution is robust, replicable, and applicable in practice. This study makes a significant contribution by demonstrating that machine learning models can enhance portfolio management in Ecuador's public electricity sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Data Mining
  topic: keywords
subject: Default Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Design Science
  topic: keywords
subject: Ensemble Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Model Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Explainable Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Marco Vinicio Carrillo Trujillo
creator: Pedro Stalyn Aguilar Encarnación
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marco Vinicio Carrillo Trujillo, Pedro Stalyn Aguilar Encarnación https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 285
ending page: 308
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1312

Evaluation of an Adaptive Video Control Algorithm using Traditional Routing and SDN
type: item
description: Currently, according to the Cisco Annual Internet Report, between 80% and 85% of internet data traffic is generated by video content, making it imperative to develop methods or algorithms that enable the efficient transmission of multimedia content over the network. In this context, this article proposes an optimized algorithm for video traffic control in an SDN environment, allowing for adaptive real-time transmission. The methodology consists of the following stages: first, the video is transmitted at a minimum encoded bitrate; then, the available network bandwidth is measured, based on which the encoding rate and video quality are adjusted; and finally, the video is played on the client side. The results obtained using the control algorithm were compared with those obtained using common routing protocols such as RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). The use of the control algorithm resulted in an 18.1% lower delay compared to RIP and a 94.8% lower delay compared to OSPF. Under background traffic conditions, SDN demonstrated a 27.23% lower delay than RIP and a 54.1% lower delay than OSPF. The main contribution of this work is, through the implementation of a testbed, the analysis of a mechanism that improves quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) by optimizing real-time video transmission through the selection of the best route and/or the dynamic adjustment of video bitrate according to network conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Streaming
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptable
  topic: keywords
subject: rip
  topic: keywords
subject: ospf
  topic: keywords
subject: software-defined networks
  topic: keywords
creator: Marlon Gomezcoello Rodríguez
creator: Justin Picón Barros
creator: Santiago González Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marlon Gomezcoello Rodríguez, Justin Picón Barros, Santiago González Martínez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 264
ending page: 284
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1308

Migrant Associations: Enhancing Migrant Agency and Advancing Social Justice
type: item
description: Migrant associations play a crucial role in enhancing migrant agency and advancing social justice by fostering social, economic, and political empowerment. This article develops a conceptual framework that integrates theories of migrant agency, social justice and migration, examining how migrants navigate structural constraints while actively shaping their own mobility and integration experiences. Drawing on existing literature and the author’s Doctoral dissertation, it also presents a state-of-the-art review of migrant associations, highlighting their functions, challenges, and impact. The study explores the multifaceted role of migrant associations in empowering migrants across different domains. Social and cultural empowerment is achieved through the preservation of cultural identity, language programs, and social integration initiatives. Economic empowerment and labor rights advocacy focus on skill development, employment support, and advocacy for fair wages and working conditions. Legal and political empowerment is facilitated through legal aid, advocacy for migrant rights, and political mobilization to influence policies affecting migrant communities. Migrant associations further contribute to social capital and community building by strengthening networks, fostering solidarity, and bridging ties between migrant groups and host societies. Additionally, these organizations play a vital role in crisis response, providing emergency relief. The findings underscore the importance of legal recognition of human and labour rights, as well as policy frameworks that support and collaborate with migrant-led organizations to ensure inclusive and just societies. Ultimately, this article argues that migrant associations are not only essential for migrant agency but also key actors in the broader struggle for social justice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Migrant Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Capital
  topic: keywords
subject: Advocacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Community Building
  topic: keywords
creator: Victoria Castillo Rueda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Victoria Castillo Rueda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 134
ending page: 155
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1293

Is the State of Morocco a Social State?
type: item
description: The human development situation in Morocco in 2025 has evolved from the relative euphoria that characterized this North African country in the early 2000s. The National Initiative for Human Development (INDH), launched in 2005 by King Mohammed VI was intended to spread a social safety net under Moroccans left behind by "growth finally on track". The Fiftieth Anniversary Report took stock of the country's 50 years of independence since 1956 and indicated paths for developing its economy and transforming its society by 2025. The report assessed that the country was at a crossroads and had the means to embark on the path of national ambition shared by all, articulated around human development. This article reviews the social state as a framework for analyzing the subsequent discourse and practice of the social state in the Kingdom of Morocco. It presents two definitions of a social state, and draws on a wide range of economic and social data to examine in depth the socio-economic realities of the country's population. The analysis compares and contrasts those realities with the government's stated intentions and public policies to highlight significant gaps in obtaining social justice for a large proportion of the population. Based on comparative analysis of data referencing the definitional framework, the article demonstrates that, despite strong rhetoric promoting inclusion and human development, government plans and programs on the ground fall short of their proclaimed goals. The conclusions identify factors for the lack of progress towards a more socially just country and society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: State
  topic: keywords
subject: social justice
  topic: keywords
subject: human development
  topic: keywords
subject: women
  topic: keywords
subject: unemployment
  topic: keywords
subject: social deficits
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehdi Lahlou
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mehdi Lahlou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 174
ending page: 193
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1292

Social Justice and Sustainability of Peasant Family Farming
type: item
description: Peasant family farming in Ecuador is responsible for producing over two-thirds of the food required to sustain the country's nutrition and significantly contributes to agricultural exports. Despite this, rural areas in Ecuador experience the highest levels of poverty, leading to widespread undernutrition, particularly among pregnant women and infants. This stark disparity presents a social justice issue that demands urgent attention. Some analysts argue that the inefficiencies of peasant agriculture contributes these issues, labelling it as unsustainable due to its perceived low productivity and profitability. However, such assessments often overlook the sector's crucial role in food security, biodiversity preservation, and environmental balance. Family farming sustains local food supplies and promotes ecological stability through diverse, sustainable practices. Public policy orientation, particularly in support of small-scale farmers, is essential in determining these rural communities' sustainability and improved livelihoods, especially in the face of increasing pressures from modern corporate agriculture. Addressing these structural inequalities is key to ensuring that peasant family farming is economically viable, socially just, and environmentally sustainable.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social problems
  topic: keywords
subject: rural environment
  topic: keywords
subject: rural emigration
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: food supply
  topic: keywords
subject: biodiversity
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-cropping
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramón L. Espinel
creator: Nayeth Solórzano
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ramón L. Espinel, Nayeth Solórzano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 89
ending page: 103
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1285

Treating rare diseases with justice: Implications of a human rights-based approach
type: item
description: The importance of health for social justice has increased since the end of the 20th century, particularly following the recognition in the 1995 Copenhagen Declaration that "people are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with the environment." However, a majority of people worldwide still do not enjoy good health. Numerous efforts have been made by the international community to address this situation in line with the principles of equity and social justice. The agenda 2030 serves as a remarkable example of these efforts, positioning health at the centre of the program, acknowledging the existence of social determinants of health, and affirming the necessity to tackle the causes of health inequities and attend to the needs of disadvantaged groups. Individuals with rare diseases face specific risks and challenges primarily due to unmet health needs stemming from a lack of research and development of suitable medical technologies. In this article, we explore the reasons explaining the injustices faced by these patients, as well as ways in which a human rights-based approach to people with rare diseases can provide arguments in favour of States' action. By considering the right to science as a complementary right to the right to health, we argue that States must promote the science for treating rare diseases and render applications of science accessible and affordable, thereby contributing to the realisation of a just and equitable society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Access to health products
  topic: keywords
subject: health equity
  topic: keywords
subject: right to health
  topic: keywords
subject: right to science
  topic: keywords
subject: social justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Stéphanie Dagron
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Stéphanie Dagron https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 104
ending page: 120
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1282

Systematic Literature Review on Energy Harvesting Mechanisms Used in Vital Signs Monitoring
type: item
description: Vital signs monitoring devices play a crucial role in the medical field by enabling continuous patient tracking. However, these devices rely on batteries or an electrical power supply, which can present limitations and inconveniences such as data loss and interruptions in continuous monitoring. Nevertheless, the increasing implementation of autonomous energy harvesting mechanisms may replace conventional power sources. This systematic literature review was conducted to identify the most appropriate energy harvesting mechanisms for vital signs monitoring devices in living organisms. The analysis included both environmental sources and those generated by the human body. Information was also provided on the most commonly monitored vital signs and the device's location on the body. Additionally, the energy output generated by the technologies considered in the analyzed publications was specified. The most used mechanisms were triboelectric and piezoelectric, while radiofrequency and triboelectric methods achieved higher energy production. It is worth noting that the evaluated mechanisms apply to both humans and other living beings, as they share certain similarities with domestic animals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Recolección de energía
  topic: keywords
subject: dispositivos inalámbricos
  topic: keywords
subject: triboeléctrico
  topic: keywords
subject: piezoeléctrico
  topic: keywords
subject: radiofrecuencia
  topic: keywords
creator: Nataly Peñafiel-Arteaga
creator: Marlon Navia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nataly Peñafiel-Arteaga, Marlon Navia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 247
ending page: 263
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1224

Addressing the Challenges of Female Migrant Workers Through the Concept of Social Justice
type: item
description: This study examines the experiences of female migrant workers through the lens of social justice, analyzing the systemic barriers that hinder their inclusion and equitable treatment in global labor markets. These workers are disproportionately concentrated in low-wage, insecure, and informal employment sectors, where they face intersecting challenges such as gender discrimination, economic exploitation, racial inequality, and limited access to labor rights. These structural injustices not only marginalize female migrant workers but also perpetuate cycles of exclusion and inequality. Adopting an interdisciplinary and intersectional approach, this article emphasizes the need to expand social justice frameworks beyond economic redistribution to incorporate cultural recognition and political inclusion. It argues that addressing these multidimensional inequalities requires targeted policy interventions and inclusive labor systems that reflect the lived realities of migrant women. By integrating global and local perspectives, the study highlights the importance of fostering equitable opportunities and strengthening protections for female migrant workers, and challenging broader societal hierarchies that reinforce exclusion. Ultimately, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on migration and social justice by offering actionable insights into the structural reforms needed to empower female migrant workers and reduce global inequalities. The findings advocate for a comprehensive approach that prioritizes human rights, promotes fairness and dignity, and dismantles the systemic injustices that continue to place this group at risk of exclusion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Female migrant workers
  topic: keywords
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: labor market inequalities
  topic: keywords
subject: social justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Eda Düzgün
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Eda Düzgün https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 156
ending page: 173
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1276

Project-Based Learning, an innovative educational practice in the Technical Baccalaureate
type: item
description: Technical Baccalaureate (BT) education in public institutions in Ecuador is based on the development of competencies through the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge. This prepares students for their insertion in the labor market, to undertake personal projects, or to continue their higher education. In this context, the objective of this article is to apply Project Based Learning (PBL) as an innovative educational practice in the teaching-learning process of the third year students of the Technical Baccalaureate of the Consumer Electronics specialty of the Guillermo Mensi Educational Unit and that contributes to the strengthening of the competencies acquired by the students. This research is based on a mixed research approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection and analysis. The sample included 38 students and 7 teachers, selected through non-probabilistic sampling. Academic performance, as well as student and teacher satisfaction, were evaluated before and after the implementation of PBL. The results revealed a positive impact of PBL in the following aspects: academic performance, teaching methodology in the BT, development of competencies, and educational resources. Finally, it is concluded that the implementation of PBL as an innovative educational practice in the BT positively influenced the strengthening of the competencies acquired by the students who participated in the Microprocessed Equipment and Systems module during the 2022 - 2023 school year.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Technical education
  topic: keywords
subject: Professional Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Resources
  topic: keywords
subject: development of competencies
  topic: keywords
subject: theoretical and practical content
  topic: keywords
creator: Aníbal Armando Pedrosa Astudillo
creator: Edgar Efrain Loyola Illescas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aníbal Armando Pedrosa Astudillo, Edgar Efrain Loyola Illescas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 195
ending page: 212
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1202

Gender Equality as Integral to Social Justice – and vice versa
type: item
description: The pursuit of social justice fundamentally requires gender equality, just as meaningful gender equality necessitates social justice. This means that each is integral to achieving the other. While commonly characterised as "two sides of the same coin," this paper aims to demonstrate they are, in fact, the very coin itself: a unified entity forged into an indissoluble foundation. As perceptions and definitions of social justice in different contexts demonstrate, the term "social justice" remains deceptively simple in everyday usage. Similarly, the term "gender equality" has emerged to bring together a large number of basic precepts crucial to removing sex-based discrimination in all spheres of human endeavour. While social justice arises from binding and non-binding instruments, and workplace social justice stems from the 1919 ILO Constitution and international labour standards, gender equality springs from a plethora of international treaties negotiated by States to end discrimination based on sex. This article examines the content and overlay of these concepts using a comparative law methodology, citing examples where social justice and gender equality combine. It reviews texts that give context to social justice, texts that define gender equality, and the main hard law treaties giving substance to gender equality, providing applied illustrations of implementation of gender equality. The article concludes that without these principles and rights, social justice remains illusory. If decision-makers strive to produce the composite coin itself, the two concepts melded together as a whole will lead to genuine improvements in the quality of all human life, as this paper demonstrates.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Non-discrimination
  topic: keywords
subject: gender equality
  topic: keywords
subject: CEDAW
  topic: keywords
subject: international labour standards
  topic: keywords
subject: fairness
  topic: keywords
subject: pay
  topic: keywords
subject: gender-based violence
  topic: keywords
subject: ILO conventions and recommendations
  topic: keywords
subject: social justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Jane Aeberhard-Hodges
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jane Aeberhard-Hodges https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 56
ending page: 67
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1221

How WASH Supports Social Justice in a Changing Climate:The Importance of Water
type: item
description: This paper explores the relationship between social justice, the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) nexus, and the centrality of water to both, all within the context of climate change. Our changing climate has placed considerable pressure on the global hydrological system, altering traditional rainfall patterns and increasing the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Ensuring adequate and sustainable access to fresh water for communities around the world is essential for human life and health. The human right to health is seriously compromised when sanitation and hygiene services are inadequate. It is essential that these issues are included in discussions of social justice. In conclusion, the proposed solutions to address the needs of the WASH nexus and climate adaptation overlap. Climate adaptation itself is thus seen as a human rights concern and another facet of the social justice debate.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sanitation
  topic: keywords
subject: hygiene
  topic: keywords
subject: health
  topic: keywords
subject: climate justice
  topic: keywords
subject: ecosystem services
  topic: keywords
subject: water
  topic: keywords
subject: human rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Emel Zerrouk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Emel Zerrouk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 121
ending page: 133
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1274

Social Justice for a democratic and equitable international order
type: item
description: This article reviews key substantive issues addressed by main ongoing global policy processes with a particular focus on the Second World Summit for Social Development (WSSD2) and the Global Coalition on Social Justice. These issues include the Right to Development as a core principle underlying social development and the realization of social justice and development in terms of international law standards. The article identifies and assesses relevant international law, policy formulations, expertise, and political processes to demonstrate their bearing on the WSSD2 and global discussion of social justice. This approach is intended to bridge academic exercise with briefing guidance for Social Justice and development actors. Core building blocks are identified: human rights codification and social responsibility; transforming the Rule of Law into the Rule of Justice; and imperatives for enforcement of United Nations Treaties, judgments and resolutions. Also, UN texts on the Right to Development and the Right to International Solidarity; the Summit of the Future and the BRICS Summit 2024; and norms and expectations of international cooperation are analysed herein. Conclusions posit that the Right to Development must be seen as juridical, justiciable and enforceable. Finally, the article recommends that the content and outcome of the WSSD2 and other global processes need to redress the paradigm by reaffirming international legal obligations and casting social justice development in terms of international law, the existing human rights treaty system, formal UN Declarations, disarmament for development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Right to Development
  topic: keywords
subject: International Solidarity
  topic: keywords
subject: Rule of Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Rule of justice
  topic: keywords
subject: International cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Alfred de Zayas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alfred de Zayas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 68
ending page: 88
doi: 10.37815/rte.v37n1.1294

Technological Evolution of Photovoltaic Solar Generation: A Literature Review in the Last Decade
type: item
description: The constant innovation in technologies for generating electrical energy through the use of renewable resources has allowed them to become competitive with traditional technologies in recent years. This has made them a great option for large-scale systems. Currently, new photovoltaic technologies enable higher energy conversion efficiencies while reducing costs through the implementation of new materials, the latter being a key criterion for their subsequent large-scale deployment. This article presents a literature review on the technological evolution of photovoltaic solar generation, evaluating and analyzing only articles published between 2013 and 2023, using the PRISMA methodology (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). From a total of 307 articles identified in prestigious databases such as Science Direct, IEEEXplore, and Scopus, a subset of 12 scientific articles has been systematically selected and reviewed according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria defined by the researchers. The synthesis of the content of the selected articles reveals that emerging technologies, such as multi-junction cells, perovskite cells, organic solar cells, and thin-film heterojunction cells, have achieved higher efficiencies than conventional solar cells and offer more competitive prices, facilitating the expansion of photovoltaic systems in multiple applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Photovoltaic cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Photovoltaic panels
  topic: keywords
subject: Photovoltaic materials technology
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable energies
  topic: keywords
subject: photovoltaic generation
  topic: keywords
creator: Richard Fernando Criollo Enriquez
creator: Danny Paul Guaillas Dominguez
creator: Danny Ochoa Correa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Richard Fernando Criollo Enríquez, Danny Paúl Guaillas Domínguez, Danny Ochoa Correa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 13
ending page: 31
doi: 10.37815/rte.v36n2.1158

Relationship between emotional intelligence and quality of working life in a productive company in Pelileo
type: item
description: The objective of the research is to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and the quality of work life in the workers of a productive company in Pelileo. The approach is quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design and correlational scope. Data collection was carried out on 150 employees with the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) and the quality of professional life questionnaire (CVP-35). The results indicate adequate emotional intelligence in all dimensions and regular levels were found in the quality of work life, both overall and by dimensions. The results show a positive and significant correlation of attention with managerial support (coeff. = 0.203, p = 0.013) and with professional quality of life (coeff. = 0.167, p = 0.041); between emotional clarity with managerial support (coeff. = 0.259, p = 0.001), intrinsic motivation (coeff. = 0.216, p = 0.008) and quality of professional life (coeff. = 0.204, p = 0.012); and between emotional repair and managerial support (coeff. = 0.381, p < 0.001), intrinsic motivation (coeff. = 0.383, p < 0.001) and quality of professional life (coeff. = 0.345, p < 0.001).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attention
  topic: keywords
subject: Understanding
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Work attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Motivation
  topic: keywords
creator: Paul Velasco-Herrera
creator: Dayamy Lima-Rojas
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Paúl Velasco-Herrera, Dayamy Lima-Rojas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 46
ending page: 60
doi: 10.37815/rte.v36n2.1184

Application of Quantum Cybersecurity in the security of IoT communication ports
type: item
description: Quantum cryptography, grounded in principles of quantum mechanics such as superposition and quantum entanglement, represents a significant advancement in enhancing communications security. Methods like Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offer encryption that is theoretically unbreakable, providing robust protection against cyber threats. However, the advent of quantum computing introduces challenges for conventional cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and demands the development of new encryption strategies, including post-quantum methods. Integrating quantum encryption into the Internet of Things (IoT) promises to significantly enhance security levels. However, it is crucial to adapt these methods to the limitations of devices with restricted resources. As quantum computing advances, its role in data and communication protection will be crucial, though implementing these systems will face challenges related to cost and complexity. In the realm of industrial communications, selecting the appropriate protocol is essential for the efficient integration and operation of automated systems. Common industrial protocols, such as AMQP, CoAP, DDS, HTTP, MQTT, OPC, and XMPP, exhibit significant variations in aspects such as communication types, security, latency, resource usage, and reliability. Each protocol presents specific challenges, including security vulnerabilities and issues related to latency or resource usage, affecting its suitability for real-time and critical applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Internet of Things (IoT)
  topic: keywords
subject: quantum cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: encryption and decryption
  topic: keywords
subject: public and private key
  topic: keywords
subject: network security
  topic: keywords
subject: IP address
  topic: keywords
creator: Christian Vera Estrada
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Christian Vera Estrada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 135
ending page: 157
doi: 10.37815/rte.v36n2.1188