https://doi.org/10.37815/rte.v37n1.1302

Original articles

Social Justice, Human Rights, Deliberate
Action: An Analytical Review of the Literature in Seven Social Justice Thematic
Areas

Justicia Social,
Derechos Humanos, Acción Deliberada: Una revisión analítica de la literatura en
siete áreas temáticas de Justicia Social

Eda
Düzgün1, 2 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5062-8101,

Hiya Parul Sharma2  https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1715-8620, Patrick A. Taran2 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9581-3551

1Hacettepe
Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye

[email-masked]

2Global Migration Policy Associates (GMPA), Geneva, Switzerland

[email-masked], [email-masked]

Sent:       2025/04/01

Accepted:       2025/06/20

Published:       2025/06/30

Abstract

Summary: Introduction, Methodology, Results: Analytical Review, Overall Conclusions.

How to cite: Düzgün, E., Sharma,
H. & Taran, P. (2025). Social Justice, Human Rights, Deliberate
Action: An Analytical Review of the Literature in Seven Social Justice
Thematic Areas. Revista Tecnológica - Espol, 37(1), 17-43.

https://rte.espol.edu.ec/index.php/tecnologica/article/view/1302

This
article presents an analytical review of contemporary social justice themes,
drawing on an extensive literature survey. The review demonstrates that social
justice is a central theme in many contemporary social struggles and demands
for rights and justice. It further identifies key thematic issues, their
normative foundations, and the principles of social justice, exploring how
these are elaborated across different issue areas where social justice is a
core concern. In several cases, social justice is also presented as a
cross-cutting concern and conceptual approach. An overall literature survey
identified 40 topical-thematic issue areas in which social justice is evoked
and often thoroughly discussed. This article provides an overview of how social
justice is addressed in seven of those 40 thematic topics. It presents summary
analytical reviews of the literature on social justice considerations and
dimensions in various arenas, including Human Rights, Decent Work, Health,
Housing, the Digital Divide, Peacemaking/Small Arms Limitations, and
Sustainable Development. These summaries review the connection between each
topic and social justice and conclude with recommendations for how the social
justice dimensions of each topic could be integrated into ongoing international
policy processes, including the Global Coalition for Social Justice and the
Second World Summit for Social Development, to be held in November 2025, and
the implementation of their outcomes.

Keywords: Decent
Work, Social Justice, Digital Divide, Disparities in Access to Technology,
Peacebuilding, Sustainable Development.

Resumen

Este artículo ofrece una revisión
analítica de temas contemporáneos de justicia social, basada en un amplio
estudio de la literatura. La revisión demuestra que la justicia social es un
tema central en contenciones sociales y demandas de derechos y justicia
contemporáneas. Esta revisión identificó, además, algunos de los temas clave y
sus fundamentos normativos y principios de justicia social, y cómo estos se
desarrollan en diferentes áreas temáticas que hacen referencia a la justicia
social como un tema central. Algunos también muestran que es una preocupación
común y un enfoque conceptual transversal. Un estudio general de la literatura
identificó 40 áreas temáticas en cada una de las cuales se evoca la justicia
social, a menudo ampliamente discutida. Esta revisión proporciona una visión
general de cómo se identifica la justicia social en siete de los 40 temas
cubiertos en el estudio amplio de la literatura. Aquí se presentan revisiones
analíticas resumidas de la literatura sobre consideraciones de la justicia
social en las áreas de Derechos Humanos, Trabajo Decente, Salud, Vivienda,
Brecha Digital, Construcción de la Paz/limitación de armas pequeñas y
Desarrollo Sostenible. En estos, se examinan las conexiones en el ámbito
temático con la justicia social y se ofrecen como conclusiones de las
respectivas revisiones algunas recomendaciones sobre cómo el tema en sus
dimensiones de justicia social debería ser abordado por los procesos
internacionales en curso, incluida la Coalición Mundial para la Justicia Social
y la Segunda Cumbre Mundial sobre Desarrollo Social en 2025, y la posterior
implementación de sus resultados.

Palabras
clave: Trabajo decente, Justicia social, brecha digital,
disparidades en el acceso a la tecnología, consolidación de la paz, desarrollo
sostenible.

Introduction

Our review
of a vast body of literature indicates that social justice serves as an
overarching conceptual and political framework for contemporary social
struggles and demands for rights and justice.
The literature identifies key thematic issues linked to social justice
and highlights their foundations. Many works present social justice as a
commonly associated—and even umbrella—concept and theme.

However,
the literature also reveals that social justice is defined in various ways and
used flexibly, if at all.  Often it
appears to be invoked to characterize and justify as good or beneficial
whatever an institution, organization, government, or individual is doing,
frequently without a clear and critical assessment of a policy's actual
outcomes or whose interests it serves.

Following
the invitation to compile, prepare and edit a special edition on social justice
for Revista Tecnológica Espol (RTE), the Global Migration Policy Associates
(GMPA) team recognized the need for a concrete and thorough understanding
of what is being addressed and what is meant when actors evoke the term and
concept of social justice. This work was also developed in the context of
ongoing global efforts led by the Global Coalition for Social Justice
(GCSJ), an international initiative that aims to promote coordinated action on
social justice through research, policy, and advocacy. The Coalition convened
its Second Forum in June 2025 in Geneva, and its recommendations are expected
to shape the agenda of the Second World Summit for Social Development,
scheduled for November 2025 in Doha. In this context, the GMPA team conducted a
comprehensive literature survey throughout 2024, supported by a team of
graduate researchers completing 'research associate' internships at GMPA.

The team
identified broad areas of exploration, including theoretical background and
definitions. Additionally, 40 topics were identified in which the literature
invoked or intersected with social justice.
These included: Human Rights; Peacebuilding; Development; a Safe,
Healthy and Sustainable Environment; Decent
Work; Health and Universal Health Care; Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene; Affordable Housing; Education and Schooling; Minimum Basic Income;
Social Protection; Non-Discrimination and Equality of Treatment; Inclusion and
Participation; Access to Technology/Digital
Divide; and Human Security; among others.

As a key
step in the process of building aggregate knowledge and understanding of social
justice, team members undertook the next step: analyzing the literature
summarized for each topical area, with each topical review covering 15 to 20
(or more) titles.  The methodology for
review and analysis is described below.

Given the
variation in how the term is used across the literature, this study approaches
social justice as a broad and multidimensional umbrella concept. It encompasses
a range of interrelated concerns, including equitable access to resources and
opportunities, the protection of marginalized communities, fair labor
conditions, health equity, and inclusive development. These components may be
referred to in the literature as "dimensions,"
"considerations," or "undergirding principles" of social
justice, depending on context and emphasis. Despite this terminological variation,
what unites these references is a normative orientation toward addressing
systemic bias, discrimination, exclusion, and inequality, and promoting
fairness and justice across diverse social contexts. Clarifying this conceptual
framing at the outset allows for a more coherent analysis of how the term is
evoked and applied across the thematic areas reviewed.

While
acknowledging the varied and sometimes ambiguous usage of the term social
justice across disciplines, this article argues that a thematic review of the
literature can help illuminate shared normative orientations and practical
implications. These insights may serve to inform ongoing global policy
dialogues, such as those within the Global Coalition for Social Justice and the
Second World Summit for Social Development.

What
follows are summary analytical reviews of the literature evoking social justice
concerns in the thematic areas of Human Rights, Decent Work, Health, Housing,
Digital Divide, Peacemaking/Small Arms Limitations, and Sustainable Development.

Methodology

The
methodological approach comprised two main steps. The first was compiling an
annotated literature review organized by topical-thematic categories related to
social justice as evoked in the literature, discourse, and practice. Brief one
-to two-paragraph summaries were prepared for each item of literature, noting
the main content, ideas, and the mention of or links to social justice.  These were compiled into a survey report
covering more than 800 articles, book chapters, policy briefs, institutional
statements, profiles, and other documents across 40 topical categories,
totaling 240 pages at the time of writing.

The
literature survey was conducted over the past year with the assistance of a
graduate-level research team, which contributed to the production of annotated
summaries for the approximately 800 works selectively identified in the initial
round.  The team employed a schematic prisma approach to select relevant
documents and publications, using paired keywords (social justice and the name
of each thematic topic) as search terms.
An initial overview reading of the identified items allowed for the
selection of those that substantively discuss the triad of the thematic topic,
social justice, and the inter-relationships between them.  This initial round focused on literature in
the English language. Reviews of works in French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic,
Chinese, and other languages remain pending, dependent on resource
availability, to gain a fuller global view and assessment.

The second
and ongoing stage comprised a structured, significantly more detailed review
and analysis of the literature found in each of the seven social justice
topical-thematic areas reviewed in this article.  This analytical review examined the content
of the literature according to the following research and analysis questions:

I.
What
are they talking about?

·
General
characteristics of the topical content as noted in the articles: academic
studies, case studies, campaigns, actions, organizational descriptions, etc.

·
Definitions
of the topic area, as stated or defined in international instruments and/or by
international organizations or academics, including variants that arise in the
literature.

II.
How
is it linked to, based on, or supportive of social justice (or not)?

·
Usage
of the term: elaborated or only mentioned.

·
Explicit
linking of the topic/concern/action to social justice and to what extent.

III.
What
specific concept and definition of social justice are articulated?

·
Concept/conceptualization
of social justice evoked or referred to.

·
Definition
of social justice explicitly raised or outlined.

·
Normative
bases referred to.

IV.
What
explanation is given for the links between the topic and social justice?

·
Explanation
of how the entity, agenda, activity, etc., advances social justice.

·
References
to other topics, issues, and actions on social justice.

V.
What
recommendations are made on what to do? (With current global processes
as reference points)

·
How
a global coalition on social justice should address the issues discussed in the
literature.

·
How
this social justice topic area should be taken up in the Second World Summit on
Social Development process.

The
structured literature analysis focused on seven thematic areas selected based
on the depth and relevance of their connection to social justice, as previously
outlined.

Results:
Analytical Review

Social Justice
and Human Rights

General Characteristics of Topical Content

This topical review found a considerable number
of articles, academic studies, policy reports, and advocacy statements that
explicitly elaborate on the intersection between human rights and social
justice, both in titles and content. These works generally refer to the
normative frameworks of human rights in relation to social justice,
highlighting how these frameworks promote equality and inclusion while also
addressing systemic injustice. Several sources referred to definitions of human
rights in international standards, most notably the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (1948) and the ILO Declaration of Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work (1998), as well as their relationship to social justice. The
literature also addressed how different arenas, such as labor rights and public
health, incorporate human rights to promote social justice.

Across the reviewed texts, social justice is
commonly framed as the equitable distribution of resources and opportunities,
with a particular focus on eliminating systemic disadvantages. Many studies
identify human rights as a normative framework through which social justice can
be understood and implemented.

The Link Between Human Rights and Social
Justice

Some of the literature reviewed elaborates on
links between human rights and social justice. For example, Cotula (2020)
highlights how international human rights law can address challenges brought by
economic globalization, advocating for an empowered approach that centers on
marginalized groups. Amnesty International (2015) critiques traditional human
rights frameworks for failing to fully address systemic inequalities and calls
for a more inclusive approach that integrates social justice ideals. Braveman (2010)
explores the integration of human rights into policy and its role in addressing
systemic inequality. A statement by the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms.
Bachelet (2019), explicitly discussed social justice.

Ms. Bachelet's 2019 statement, Rashid Bhat and
colleagues' empirical analysis of the correlation between human rights and
social justice indicators (Bhat et al., 2022), and Tim De Meyer's (2022)
discussion on labor rights demonstrate how the integration of human rights
principles and norms across various sectors promotes social justice.

In Braveman's (2010) work, social justice is
linked to addressing the social determinants of health—factors such as income,
education, and housing—and argues for integrating human rights with public
health policies to reduce inequities. The Amnesty International report (2015)
defines social justice as the equitable treatment and protection of
marginalized communities within human rights frameworks.

Tim De Meyer's (2022) work on labor rights
emphasizes how fair wages, maternity protection, and safe working conditions
contribute to social justice by promoting decent work for all. Similarly,
Kenyon et al. (2018) emphasize how addressing social determinants of health
through a rights-based approach can promote both human rights and social
justice, particularly within marginalized communities.

Several works referenced global efforts to
integrate human rights protections with broader social justice agendas. For
example, Cotula (2020) discusses the need to address economic globalization
within the human rights framework to empower marginalized communities and
create a fairer international system.

Recommendations

This literature generally emphasizes the need
for a multidimensional approach to addressing the intersection of human rights
and social justice. Cotula (2020) recommends rethinking international human
rights law to better address the challenges posed by economic globalization.
Rashid Bhat et al. (2022) stress the importance of policymakers prioritizing
the reduction of economic inequality through enhanced human rights protections,
particularly in the labor and public health sectors.

Based on these findings, the authors of this
review recommend that both the Global Coalition for Social Justice (CSJ) and
the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) emphasize the integration of
human rights frameworks with social justice agendas. Key areas of focus should
include labor rights, universal health coverage equity, and addressing systemic
discrimination, exclusion, and inequalities exacerbated by globalization.

To enhance relevance to these platforms, it is
further recommended that the GCSJ prioritize aligning human rights-based
protections—such as employment and health—with broader justice-driven
development strategies. Similarly, the WSSD could focus on applying the
insights from the literature to promote policy measures that safeguard rights
and reduce discrimination, exclusion, and inequity. Strengthening the
connection between human rights and social justice in these global efforts may
help ensure inclusive legal frameworks and multilateral cooperation that
actively protect marginalized communities – indeed, all communities - and
ensure equitable access to resources and opportunities.

Health and Social Justice

General Characteristics of Topical Content

The reviewed literature presents a
comprehensive exploration of how health disparities intersect with broader
social justice concerns. Core themes include public health strategies, social
determinants, healthcare equity, ethical principles, intersectionality, and
structural factors such as climate change and migration.

Corey H. Basch (2014) advocates for
population-level public health interventions that address the root causes of
poverty as a means to mitigate health disparities. Braveman and Gottlieb (2014)
similarly emphasize tackling the "causes of the causes" of
inequities. These authors emphasize the importance of considering social,
economic, and environmental contexts—rather than focusing solely on individual
behaviors or clinical access—when aiming to improve health outcomes.

Cummiskey (2008) advocates for a social
insurance approach to healthcare, arguing that it should be treated as a social
good rather than a market commodity. Prah Ruger (2004) and Daniels (2008) echo
this normative framing by positioning health as a fundamental aspect of social
justice that demands institutional and governmental focus.

The literature also includes global and
regional reports. The WHO (2008) emphasizes social determinants of health,
while the OHCHR (2016) connects climate change, health, and inequality.
Whitehead and Dahlgren (2021) advocate a multisectoral strategy to reduce
health inequities in Europe.

Several region- and population-specific studies
further contextualize these themes: Garneau and Bélisle (2021) call for
equity-based transformation in Canadian health education; Griffiths et al.
(2016) and Gooshki et al. (2016) focus on Indigenous and migrant health,
respectively; and Pande et al. (2017) propose a multidimensional framework for
assessing health justice in Egypt.

Intersectionality is introduced by Crenshaw
(1989) and developed by Metzl and Hansen (2014), highlighting how overlapping
identities shape health outcomes. Rogers and Kelly (2011) employ a feminist
intersectional lens to connect research ethics with structural justice, while
Dagron (2019) examines the intersection of legal barriers with health and
migration. Environmental dimensions of health justice are emphasized in Rouf
and Wainwright's (2020) analysis of climate change.

Normative foundations include the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (Article 25) and the WHO Constitution, both of
which affirm the right to health. Additional global frameworks, such as
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and SDG 3, reinforce the right to equitable,
quality healthcare without financial burden.

The Link Between Health and Social Justice

Many of the reviewed studies directly connect
health systems to social justice, while others approach the relationship more
implicitly. Basch (2014) and Farmer (2004) both argue that addressing
structural causes of ill health is essential to achieving social justice.
Gostin and Powers (2006) examine this connection in public health policy, while
Buettner-Schmidt and Lobo (2012) focus on nursing.

Dilworth-Anderson et al. (2012) and Griffiths
et al. (2016) explore disparities affecting minority elders and Indigenous
communities, respectively. Maja et al. (2023) provide a comprehensive global
overview of health inequality, while Owen (2009) critiques consumer-driven
healthcare from a justice perspective.

A significant portion of the literature engages
normative political theory. Ruger (2010) proposes a theory of health justice
grounded in the capability approach, which integrates both ethical reasoning
and procedural fairness. Peter (2001) and Pande et al. (2017) draw on Rawlsian
principles, particularly "justice as fairness" (Rawls, 1971), to
argue that unequal health outcomes reflect broader societal injustices.

Dukhanin et al. (2018) introduce distributive
justice frameworks—such as prioritarianism, egalitarianism, and
sufficientarianism—into healthcare economics. Persad (2018) reviews metrics of
justice, including welfarism, resourcism, and capabilities, emphasizing their
role in evaluating public health interventions.

Powers and Faden's (2006) six-dimensional
theory of justice (health, personal security, reasoning, respect, attachment,
self-determination) is applied in Gooshki et al. (2016) to analyze migrant
health in Iran. Merz et al. (2023) build on Collins' definition of
intersectionality as both a research and justice framework, proposing a
paradigm shift in public health scholarship.

Ethical critiques are also prominent: Rogers
and Kelly (2011) emphasize the importance of redistributive fairness in
research design, while Ruger (2010) provides operational frameworks for
evaluating health equity and allocating resources efficiently.

Economic evaluation literature (Dukhanin et
al., 2018; Drummond et al., 2005) outlines both direct (equity weighting,
stratified cost-effectiveness) and indirect (multicriteria decision analysis)
strategies for incorporating justice. Merz et al. (2023) stress the importance
of epistemological reflexivity in intersectional public health research.

Recommendations

The reviewed literature emphasizes that
advancing social justice in health requires both ethical frameworks and
concrete institutional reforms. Ruger (2010) proposes a model of shared health
governance, which distributes responsibility among governments, institutions,
civil society, and individuals. This model is grounded in ethical commitments
and aims to achieve equity through the redistribution of resources, public
regulation, and the creation of public goods. By including both personal and
collective obligations, Ruger's theory links health equity to a broader vision
of participatory justice.

Complementing this theoretical foundation,
Pande et al. (2017) provide a practical roadmap for improving health systems
through 14 targeted, evidence-based reforms. These include national action
plans, integrated service delivery, monitoring high-risk groups, provider
payment reforms, grievance mechanisms, and citizen participation. Their model
emphasizes that achieving social justice in healthcare requires systemic and institutional
transformation backed by policy instruments.

Building on these contributions, this review
recommends that the Global Coalition for Social Justice (GCSJ) integrate shared
health governance principles into its agenda. Given its multi-actor
composition, GCSJ is well-positioned to support cross-sector coordination in
areas such as equitable healthcare access, financing, and quality assurance.
Ruger's emphasis on co-responsibility offers a compelling ethical basis for
guiding coalition initiatives.

The World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD) should align Sustainable Development Goal 3—"Ensure healthy lives
and promote well-being for all at all ages"—with actionable social justice
frameworks. Pande et al.'s reform package provides a concrete entry point for
operationalizing health equity in summit-level commitments.

Both platforms should prioritize Universal
Health Coverage (UHC) as a global justice imperative. Framing UHC not only as a
health goal but as a human right can help shift the focus from access alone to
structural transformation. Drawing on justice frameworks from Ruger, Powers and
Faden, and Pande et al., these efforts can embed fairness, accountability, and
participation at the core of global health governance.

Decent Work and Social Justice

General Characteristics of Topical Content

The concept of decent work has long been
recognized as a cornerstone of social justice. As work constitutes an integral
part of human life, ensuring decent work is fundamental to improving the
quality of life and promoting equity. The International Labour Organization
(ILO) has played a pivotal role in defining and advancing the decent work
agenda, which centers on fair income, job security, social protection, and the
safeguarding of workers' rights. This definition underpins both international
labor standards and Sustainable Development Goal 8, which promotes inclusive
economic growth and decent work for all.

The literature reviewed spans multiple
disciplines, including labor studies, psychology, economics, and political
science, and reflects a shared understanding of decent work as essential to
achieving social justice. Numerous studies highlight the normative basis of
decent work, emphasizing how it can reduce structural inequalities and empower
marginalized groups.

Devitt (2016) highlights the contribution of
decent work to social cohesion, poverty reduction, and dignity, especially for
marginalized populations such as women, migrants, and people with disabilities.
Balin and Kang (2018) advocate for incorporating the ILO's decent work
framework into counseling practices, viewing it as a tool for advancing human
welfare and peace. Budwski, Jany, and Schief (2020) revisit the concept in
light of digitalization and care work, arguing for an expanded understanding
that addresses gender inequality and informality in labor markets.

From a psychological perspective, Blustein et
al. (2016) link decent work to individual well-being and life satisfaction,
presenting it as both a personal and societal good. Their work draws from the
Psychology of Working Theory, underscoring the role of meaningful employment in
fostering justice and human development.

Other studies take a more policy-oriented view.
Wickham (2016) positions decent work as central to combating workplace
inequality, emphasizing the need for inclusive environments that support both
fair treatment and full participation. Koenig (2023) examines the significance
of decent work in Nigeria's development agenda, advocating for its role in
combating poverty and inequality through gender-sensitive and inclusive
policies.

The literature also engages with the role of
governments, unions, employer organizations, civil society, and international
bodies in operationalizing decent work. Madina (2024) emphasizes that decent
work principles must be integrated into national strategies, particularly for
vulnerable populations such as youth, women, and migrant workers. Across these
texts, decent work is consistently framed as a tool for empowerment,
redistribution, and sustainable development.

The Link Between Decent Work and Social Justice

In the literature reviewed, decent work is
consistently presented as a fundamental human right and a key mechanism for
achieving social justice. Vosko (2002) highlights the ILO's evolving role in
promoting decent work amid globalization and technological change, framing it
as a central strategy for addressing global inequalities.

Ryder (2017) positions decent work policies as
the engine of inclusive growth and social cohesion. He argues that labor
protections, combined with targeted social investment, can counteract
inequality and strengthen societal resilience. Similarly, Blustein et al.
(2016) and Devitt (2016) articulate social justice in terms of equitable access
to meaningful work, particularly for marginalized groups.

Koenig (2023) connects decent work to poverty
reduction and sustainable development, calling for targeted labor policies that
dismantle structural barriers. Trebilcock (2005) expands the discourse to the
informal economy, arguing that social justice cannot be achieved without
extending decent work protections to informal workers.

The literature also explores intersections
between decent work and other dimensions of justice. Budwski et al. (2020)
address gender inequality in care work and informal labor, while Madina (2024)
links decent work with environmental sustainability through green jobs and
socially responsible industry practices.

Collectively, these studies define social
justice as the protection of rights and the fair distribution of resources and
opportunities within the world of work. They underscore the importance of
regulatory labor standards, safe working environments, and inclusive economic
systems in advancing both workplace justice and broader societal equity.

Recommendations

The literature emphasizes the importance of
integrating decent work principles into development frameworks at both national
and international levels. Ryder (2017) advocates for global cooperation to
implement inclusive growth strategies grounded in labor rights, particularly
through investments in education, skills development, and social protection.

Koenig (2023) claims that national development
strategies—especially in low- and middle-income countries—must prioritize
decent work to reduce inequality and promote inclusive economic participation.
She calls for targeted interventions for at-risk groups, including women,
youth, and migrant workers.

Based on these insights, this review supports
the Global Coalition for Social Justice's (GCSJ) decision to uphold decent work
as a central organizing principle in its multistakeholder initiatives. The
literature supports the GCSJ in providing space for knowledge exchange,
aligning with ILO standards, and coordinating labor-focused reforms that
directly address inequality in the world of work.

Similarly, the World Summit on Sustainable
Development should ensure that commitments to SDG 8 are grounded in concrete
measures to expand labor protections, reduce informality, and guarantee the
rights of vulnerable workers. Decent work should be integrated into all levels
of sustainable development planning, not as a peripheral concern but as a
driver of equitable growth.

Both platforms should support coordinated
policy action, mobilize technical assistance, and facilitate cross-border
cooperation to implement decent work agendas. In doing so, they can help
transform decent work from a normative ideal into a practical instrument for
achieving social justice on a global scale.

Decent-Affordable Housing and Social Justice

General Characteristics of Topical Content

The reviewed literature underscores housing as
a fundamental global issue of social justice. According to the UN-Habitat
Annual Report (2023), 318 million people are currently homeless, while 1.1
billion live in slums or informal settlements. Since 2020, an additional 200
million people have been pushed into slums (UN-Habitat, 2023). These statistics
reflect the urgent, multidimensional nature of housing injustice, encompassing
the right to housing, affordability, urban inequality, homelessness, and the
failures of neoliberal housing policies.

Numerous studies focus on the rights-based and
structural dimensions of housing. Adams (2008) examines the philosophical
foundations of housing as a human right, while Aribigbola (2011) emphasizes the
importance of housing affordability in Nigeria to sustainable development.
Anierobi, Nwalusi, et al. (2023) examine social exclusion between formal and
informal settlements in Enugu, highlighting how housing inequality impacts
spatial justice. Similarly, Bone and O'Reilly (2010) critique the
commodification of housing in the UK, linking it to social fragmentation and
instability.

Global frameworks, such as those developed by
Busch-Geertsema et al. (2016), emphasize the need for systematic tracking of
homelessness, noting its global neglect in comparison to other basic needs. The
joint report by Habitat for Humanity, UN-Habitat, and UNICEF (2022) addresses
the specific housing vulnerabilities of children, drawing attention to key
rights frameworks, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Studies from various national contexts provide
comparative insights. Hearne and Murphy (2017) critique Ireland's over-reliance
on private rental markets, while Jacobs (2019) explores neoliberal housing
policy across the U.S., UK, and Australia, arguing that global financial forces
deepen housing inequality. Kimhur (2024) proposes a capabilities-based approach
to housing justice, suggesting that housing policies should be evaluated based
on individual security and opportunity rather than distributive formulas.

Recent research has expanded the housing
justice framework to encompass intersections with health, education, and
environmental sustainability. Mallach (2020), Soederberg (2017), and Swope and
Hernández (2019) demonstrate how housing conditions directly affect well-being,
health equity, and access to opportunity. Springer (2000) and Vissing (2022)
link homelessness to children's developmental outcomes and educational
inequality.

International and regional studies by Weaver
(2018), Dawkins (2021), and Mueller and Rosie (2013) examine the
responsibilities of local governments, the role of homeownership policies, and
the implications of racial and economic segregation. The literature also
includes practical tools, such as the Housing Barometer (UN-Habitat, 2020c),
and case studies from New York (Bloom & Lasner, 2019), the UK (Burton, 2003),
China (Huang, 2013; Shi et al., 2016), and Singapore (UN-Habitat, 2020a).

The role of housing movements is also
well-documented. Irazábal (2018) explores Brazil's MTST movement as a form of
"restorative land grab," while Lima (2021) and Chatterjee et al.
(2024) highlight activist strategies that link housing justice to wider
struggles against neoliberalism and social exclusion. These studies demonstrate
how grassroots activism complements institutional policy efforts by redefining
housing as a right, rather than a commodity.

The Link Between Decent-Affordable Housing and
Social Justice

Many works explicitly define housing as a key
dimension of social justice. Vissing (2022) emphasizes that secure, sustainable
housing is central to dignity, safety, and health, especially for children. Her
work also highlights the connection between housing, education, employment, and
community stability. Swope and Hernández (2019) argue that housing inequality
contributes to addressing health disparities through affordability, stability,
housing quality, and neighborhood opportunity.

The literature also critiques dominant justice
frameworks. Watson and Cuervo (2017) challenge resource-based approaches to
youth homelessness, drawing on Iris Marion Young's theory to stress
subjecthood, self-determination, and the politics of recognition. Similarly,
Weaver (2018), building on T.H. Marshall's concept of urban social citizenship,
critiques liberal theories of justice for tolerating structural inequality in
urban contexts. He proposes a model that focuses on tangible needs and public
responsibility in housing provision.

International human rights instruments further
institutionalize the right to housing justice. Vissing (2022) lists key
treaties that reference housing rights, including the ICESCR (Article 11.1),
the CRC (Article 16), and various ILO conventions on workers' housing
conditions. Housing rights are also protected under refugee law, humanitarian
law, and criminal law instruments such as the Rome Statute. These frameworks
affirm housing as a basic component of human dignity and legal protection.

The intersection of housing and justice is also
reflected in global initiatives such as the UNECE Geneva Charter (2015),
#Housing2030 (2021), and the New Urban Agenda (2016), all of which emphasize
inclusive urban development, affordability, and sustainability. These
initiatives further underscore the multifaceted role of housing in promoting
global justice.

Recommendations

The literature review presents both theoretical
frameworks and practical policy guidance for promoting housing justice. Adams
(2008) proposes a rights-based model that balances dignity with practical
implementation challenges. Kimhur (2024) calls for a shift from distributive
approaches to capability-based assessments that emphasize housing opportunity,
security, and functionality.

Global initiatives provide further direction.
UNECE's #Housing2030 (2021) outlines tools across governance, finance, land
policy, and climate-neutrality. The UN-Habitat handbook on land (2020) and
expert group reports (2020b) propose comprehensive strategies to combat
homelessness through affordable housing and social protection systems. These
efforts align with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDG 11.

Based on these findings, this review supports
recommending that the Global Coalition for Social Justice (GCSJ), the World
Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and other global policy processes
elevate housing within their broader agendas by promoting the implementation of
international frameworks such as the Geneva Charter, the New Urban Agenda, and
SDG 11. These and other global processes could facilitate cross-regional
collaboration on rights-based housing reforms, support the use of UN-Habitat's evaluation
tools (e.g., Housing Barometer), and promote capability-based housing
assessments in partnership with governments, social partners, and civil society
actors. Member states should be encouraged to adopt integrated urban planning
policies that prioritize affordability, equity, and environmental
sustainability, and focus on populations at risk, including children, refugees,
informal settlers, and low-income urban residents. Housing should be emphasized
not only as a development goal but as a human right grounded in international
law. In fostering multilevel policy dialogue, technical assistance, and
rights-based innovation, contemporary international policy processes can help
transform housing justice into a central pillar of social justice worldwide.

Digital Divide/Access to Technology and Social
Justice

The literature surrounding the digital divide
highlights its significant connection to social justice. As access to
technology becomes an essential component of daily life, disparities in digital
access and literacy create barriers to education, employment, healthcare, and
civic participation. These inequities disproportionately impact marginalized
communities, including low-income, rural, and racial minority populations,
further entrenching broader social inequalities. Common themes across the
literature include calls to action for equitable access to technology through
policy interventions, infrastructure development, and community-driven
solutions, promoting digital inclusion.

General Characteristics of Topical Content

The literature encompasses various studies,
case analyses, and institutional reports that examine the intersection of
digital exclusion with social justice. Cooper (2021) explores the digital
divide in San Francisco, highlighting how limited access to technology deepens
socio-economic disparities. Stephens and Marc (n.d.) expand this discussion by
linking the digital divide to broader issues such as education and access to
essential services. Hardy (2023) emphasizes systemic barriers that hinder
marginalized communities from benefiting from digital technologies, while the
Internet Society Foundation (2023) underscores the role of digital literacy and
affordability in ensuring meaningful access.

Global perspectives also emerge. Iberdrola (2024)
examines how socio-economic status and geography impact access to digital
resources globally. Singh and Singh (2021) address these challenges in the
Indian context, highlighting how unequal digital access hinders social mobility
and perpetuates social exclusion.

International organizations, such as the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the United Nations, integrate
digital access into their broader development agendas. The ITU defines the
digital divide as the gap between those with and without access to ICTs,
highlighting its implications for economic development and inclusion. SDG 9
calls for inclusive and sustainable infrastructure, including expanded digital
access, as a means to reduce inequalities and foster innovation.

The Link Between Digital Divide/Access to
Technology and Social Justice

Social justice is a recurring theme in digital
divide literature. Many scholars explicitly frame digital equity as a
fundamental right in the digital era. Cooper (2021) and Hardy (2023) argue that
limited digital access perpetuates inequalities in education, employment, and
health, highlighting the importance of digital inclusion in advancing social
justice. Stephens and Marc (n.d.) highlight digital literacy and infrastructure
as foundational to equitable societal participation.

The IEEE Future Network Program (2024) links
the digital divide to educational and economic disparities, while the World
Science Forum Declaration (2022) emphasizes the necessity of inclusive digital
policies to bridge technological gaps in underserved regions.

Across the literature, social justice is
conceptualized through shared themes of equity, fairness, and inclusivity.
Cooper (2021) frames digital equity as a right, asserting that everyone should
have access to the tools and knowledge needed to participate in the digital
economy. Stephens and Marc (n.d.) associate social justice with fair resource
distribution, directly connecting it to digital access. Krings (2021) positions
internet access as a human rights issue, reinforcing its importance in addressing
broader societal inequalities.

The Internet Society Foundation (2023)
advocates for a multidimensional approach to digital equity, considering
affordability, usability, and digital literacy. This comprehensive perspective
underscores the need for policies that address both material and structural
barriers to digital inclusion.

Singh and Singh (2021) exemplify how rural
areas, particularly in India, face compounded exclusion due to limited
infrastructure. Hardy (2023) similarly emphasizes how digital barriers hinder
marginalized populations from achieving educational and economic advancement,
thereby perpetuating social injustice.

Recommendations

Addressing the digital divide is essential for
fostering inclusive and equitable societies. Bridging this divide contributes
to broader social justice aims, including economic empowerment and universal
access to education and healthcare.

The literature strongly supports a multilevel
strategy. Cooper (2021) recommends expanding broadband infrastructure and
ensuring affordability. Stephens and Marc (n.d.) emphasize the importance of
digital literacy programs specifically designed for marginalized communities.
Hardy (2023) advocates for public-private partnerships and systemic policy
reforms to address infrastructure gaps and provide digital skills training.

At the international level, the IEEE Future
Network Program (2024) advocates for coordinated policy efforts that prioritize
digital inclusion as part of global development. Singh and Singh (2021) stress
the role of community-led initiatives in bridging technological gaps in rural
areas. The World Science Forum Declaration (2022) emphasizes ethical governance
of technology to ensure that digital innovation aligns with principles of
equity and justice.

Together, these findings support the
recommendation that the Global Coalition for Social Justice and the World
Summit on Social Development prioritize the promotion of digital inclusion.
This would include investment in digital infrastructure, digital literacy
initiatives, and equity-focused policy design to ensure that technological
progress contributes meaningfully to social justice.

Peacebuilding/ Small Arms and Light Weapons
(SALW) and Social Justice

The relationship between small arms control,
peacebuilding, and social justice is a well-explored area in international
relations and development studies. Numerous international organizations,
particularly the United Nations, emphasize the critical importance of
controlling Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) to foster peace, security, and
sustainable development. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, n.d.)
emphasizes that SALW significantly contribute to violence and instability,
particularly in regions affected by conflict. The widespread availability of
these weapons hampers socio-economic progress and, consequently, undermines
global peacebuilding efforts. Moreover, SALW control is seen as integral to
advancing social justice by addressing the systemic inequalities that often
fuel conflict and instability. In addition to SALW control, foreign aid plays a
crucial role in peacebuilding efforts, particularly when focused on promoting
social justice and inclusive development. This literature review examines key
definitions and examples to explore the intersection of small arms control,
peacebuilding, and social justice.

General Characteristics of Topical Content

The literature on small arms control and
peacebuilding is extensive, encompassing academic analyses, case studies,
policy reports, and empirical research. According to UNDP, the proliferation of
SALW is a major obstacle to peace, security, and sustainable development. The
UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in
Small Arms and Light Weapons (PoA), adopted in 2001, focuses on curbing the
illicit trade in these weapons and stresses the importance of coordinated
national, regional, and global strategies.

Foreign aid is another major component
discussed in the literature. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,
particularly SDG 16, emphasizes the promotion of peaceful and inclusive
societies, access to justice, and the development of effective institutions.
Several studies underline that foreign aid in post-conflict contexts must
strike a balance between promoting inclusive development and avoiding aid
dependency.

The Link Between Peacebuilding / SALW and
Social Justice

The literature consistently links SALW control
and peacebuilding with social justice, particularly through the lenses of
equity, human rights, and the rule of law in post-conflict societies. Social
justice is framed as achievable only through inclusive peacebuilding processes
that address the root structural inequalities that drive conflict.

Pherali (2021) explores how foreign aid can
either promote or undermine social justice depending on its design and
implementation. Maber (2019) highlights the role of education in peacebuilding
and its link to ethnic and social equity. Connolly and ACCORD (2012) emphasize
the importance of post-conflict gender analysis for inclusive governance.

SALW proliferation disproportionately affects
already-marginalized communities, intensifying violence, displacement, and
insecurity. A ReliefWeb (2014) article advocates for embedding human rights and
democratic governance within peacebuilding to secure justice. Tieku et al.
(2021) call for addressing historical injustices to achieve reconciliation and
long-term peace.

Transitional justice mechanisms, as described
by ECDPM (2014), play a key role in advancing social justice. These mechanisms
emphasize accountability and reconciliation to repair societal divisions after
conflict. The literature suggests that integrating small arms control with
participatory governance, economic equity, and transitional justice is crucial
for establishing sustainable peace.

Recommendations

The literature recommends an integrated
approach to social justice, peacebuilding, and small arms control. Key
strategies include:

·
Strengthening
international regulatory frameworks,

·
Enhancing
technical and financial support to SALW-affected regions,

·
Promoting
participatory governance and transitional justice mechanisms,

·
Ensuring
that post-conflict reconstruction includes the voices of marginalized
communities.

These approaches aim to reduce systemic
violence and foster accountability, equity, and reconciliation.

In light of these insights, the literature
supports recommending that the Global Coalition for Social Justice (GCSJ) and
the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) include peacebuilding and
arms control as core agenda items. These efforts should be framed within the
broader pursuit of social justice and aligned with interconnected themes such
as human rights, decent work, affordable housing, and sustainable development.
Addressing structural injustices and promoting social cohesion in post-conflict
situations is essential to realizing a peaceful society.

Social
Justice and Sustainable Development

The intersection of sustainable development and social justice is a
growing focus in academic literature, policy reports, and case studies.
Although still limited in number, the reviewed sources reflect a wide range of
subthemes, including the role of governance, Indigenous knowledge systems, and
inclusive economic development. These studies underscore the need for
sustainability and social justice to be addressed in tandem to achieve fair and
lasting outcomes.

General Characteristics of Topical Content

Here we cite a few examples from the 15 items reviewed, as shown in the bibliographical
listing below and as will be seen in the full literature survey available
online.  First, Langhelle (2000) examines
sustainable development in the Arctic, where resource exploitation poses a
threat to both the environment and Indigenous communities. This article
advocates for governance mechanisms that strike a balance between economic
goals and Indigenous rights, emphasizing the importance of social justice in
regional environmental policy.

Bălăceanu et al. (2012) argue that poverty, inequality, and exclusion
must be addressed through fair governance and equitable resource distribution
in order to realize sustainability. Similarly, Munasinghe (2019) stresses that
the post-COVID world has made the integration of social justice into
development strategies even more critical.

Pirini et al. (2023) focus on Indigenous-led economic initiatives as
sustainable and socially equitable models. These initiatives emphasize
environmental stewardship, community resilience, and intergenerational justice.

Sampson and Fischhoff (2024) examine just climate transitions in Africa,
showing that communities least responsible for climate change often suffer its
worst consequences. They argue for climate policies that correct such
injustices. Finally, Bhuyan (2017) highlights the role of governance in
aligning sustainability with equity, contending that sustainable development
can only be achieved if its benefits are fairly distributed.

The Link Between Sustainable Development and Social
Justice

Most literature agrees that sustainable development is not viable
without integrating social justice. Langhelle (2000) ties Indigenous
self-determination and participation in governance to environmental
sustainability, asserting that social exclusion undermines ecological goals.

Bălăceanu et al. (2012) call for strategies that target inequality and
poverty, positioning justice as both a means and an end in sustainability.
Pirini et al. (2023) argue that Indigenous approaches to economic development
inherently incorporate sustainability principles, underscoring the importance
of community-centered solutions. Sampson and Fischhoff (2024) present climate
justice as central to sustainable transitions, especially in vulnerable
regions.

Across the sources, social justice is framed through values of equity,
fairness, participation, and recognition. For example, Langhelle (2000) focuses
on Indigenous rights and inclusion in Arctic governance, Bălăceanu et al.
(2012) emphasize addressing systemic poverty and exclusion, and Pirini et al.
(2023) advocate for empowering marginalized groups through Indigenous economic
leadership.

The literature demonstrates that social justice is both a prerequisite
and a goal of sustainable development. Langhelle (2000) shows how excluding
Indigenous voices in Arctic governance undermines environmental policy. Sampson
and Fischhoff (2024) argue that unless Africa's climate transitions prioritize
equity, sustainability itself will remain out of reach.

Recommendations

The literature states that sustainability efforts must embed social
justice principles to be effective. Inclusive governance, Indigenous rights,
and participatory development are key strategic arenas for further research,
policy development, and practical action to ensure that sustainability serves
all communities, particularly those at risk of exclusion or harm.

Langhelle (2000) recommends multilateral mechanisms that prioritize
Indigenous participation. Bălăceanu et al. (2012) emphasize the importance of
community-based decision-making and equity-focused resource allocation
policies. Munasinghe (2019) calls for recovery policies that reduce inequality
and improve access to environmental and economic resources. Pirini et al.
(2023) advocate for the recognition of Indigenous rights in economic planning
as a path to both justice and sustainability. Sampson and Fischhoff (2024)
underscore the importance of international funding and solidarity in achieving
climate justice in Africa.

In light of this literature, the Global Coalition for Social Justice
(GCSJ) and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) should frame
sustainable development not only as an ecological issue but also as a justice
imperative. Social justice must guide climate transitions, economic planning,
and development cooperation. This includes equitable policy frameworks, the
protection of Indigenous and marginalized communities, and shared governance
models that align with global sustainability goals.

Overall
Conclusions

The seven thematic areas examined in this analytical
literature review—drawn from a broader mapping of 40 topical social justice
domains—illustrate both the specificity and interrelatedness of the challenges
to realizing social justice globally. A unifying insight across these diverse
areas is the central role of international normative frameworks, particularly
human rights conventions and International Labour Standards – specifically the
Conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO). These instruments
provide not only guiding ethical principles but also serve as operational
benchmarks for evaluating progress related to justice across sectors.

A key finding from this review is that social
justice must be understood and approached as a multidimensional and integrative
concept. In health, work, housing, technology, peacebuilding, and
sustainability, the literature repeatedly highlights overlapping systems of
exclusion and structural inequality. Across these domains, social justice is
consistently articulated not only as a normative ideal but as a practical
agenda requiring institutional, legal, and policy transformation.

In the realm of human rights, the reviewed
literature advocates for a more inclusive and empowered application of rights
frameworks—ones that explicitly confront economic inequality and systemic
discrimination. Human rights are positioned as tools to implement social
justice, particularly when integrated into labor, health, and development
strategies.

In health, justice is grounded in ethical
reasoning, the social determinants of health, and intersectional frameworks.
The literature supports models of shared health governance, linking personal
and collective responsibility to structural reforms that address entrenched
disparities and promote equitable access to care.

Regarding decent work, the literature frames labor
rights as foundational to social justice. It highlights the urgent need to
embed decent work principles in national and global development agendas to
ensure fair treatment, income security, and workplace dignity, particularly for
marginalized populations, including migrants, women, and young people.

The analysis of housing reveals it as both a
fundamental right and a structural condition shaping life opportunities.
Secure, affordable, and dignified housing is portrayed as a prerequisite for
realizing other rights, including education, health, and employment, with calls
for a rights-based, capability-oriented, and participatory housing policy
approach.

In the area of the digital divide, the literature
emphasizes that equitable access to digital infrastructure and skills is no
longer optional but a prerequisite for social inclusion, education, employment,
and democratic participation. Digital equity is increasingly viewed as a
contemporary expression of the right to participation and opportunity in
society.

The review of peacebuilding and small arms control
(SALW) literature highlights that addressing root causes of conflict—including
inequality, exclusion, and historical injustice—is vital for sustainable peace.
The literature emphasizes the importance of embedding justice and
accountability into disarmament and post-conflict reconstruction processes,
positioning these as central to achieving equitable and lasting peace.

Ultimately, in the context of sustainable
development, the literature demonstrates that environmental and economic
objectives must be inextricably linked to social justice principles. Inclusive
governance, recognition of Indigenous rights, and equitable distribution of
benefits are repeatedly emphasized as essential to ensuring sustainability
outcomes are both just and effective.

Taken together, these findings underscore the
importance of integrating these thematic areas in agendas of the Global
Coalition for Social Justice and the Second World Summit for Social
Development. Such integration would contribute to building coherent and
action-oriented strategies for advancing social justice globally, drawing on
robust normative foundations and responding to lived realities across diverse
social, economic, and geopolitical contexts.

Acknowledgements

The authors
wish to express their gratitude to Elisa Allegra Ferrante and Emma Rimonteil
for their work as part of the
GMPA literature review team on researching and preparing the Global Literature
Survey on Social
Justice, and to Olga
Kadysheva for her assistance in finalizing the article.

The authors
declare equal contribution and sharing of authorship roles for
this publication.

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